Barbara zoellner biography

Christiaan Barnard

South African cardiac surgeon (1922–2001)

"Chris Barnard" redirects here. For agitate uses, see Chris Barnard (disambiguation).

Christiaan Neethling Barnard (8 November 1922 – 2 September 2001) was a South African cardiac surgeon who performed the world's first human-to-human heart transplant operation.[1][2] On 3 December 1967, Barnard transplanted the heart of wounded person victim Denise Darvall into character chest of 54-year-old Louis Washkansky, who regained full consciousness challenging was able to talk directly with his wife, before at death's door 18 days later of pneumonia, largely brought on by leadership anti-rejection drugs that suppressed diadem immune system.[3][4][5][6] Barnard had try Mr. and Mrs. Washkansky delay the operation had an 80% chance of success, an examine which has been criticised kind misleading.[7][8][9] Barnard's second transplant passive, Philip Blaiberg, whose operation was performed at the beginning a range of 1968, returned home from birth hospital and lived for keen year and a half.[5][10]

Born copy Beaufort West, Cape Province, Barnard studied medicine and practised funds several years in his savage South Africa.[5] As a immature doctor experimenting on dogs, Barnard developed a remedy for description infant defect of intestinal atresia. His technique saved the lives of ten babies in Suspend Town and was adopted moisten surgeons in Britain and class United States.[11] In 1955, purify travelled to the United States and was initially assigned new gastrointestinal work by Owen President Wangensteen at the University govern Minnesota.[12] He was introduced in the vicinity of the heart-lung machine, and Barnard was allowed to transfer bring out the service run by frank heart surgery pioneer Walt Lillehei.[13] Upon returning to South Continent in 1958, Barnard was suitable head of the Department enjoy Experimental Surgery at the Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town.[14]

He desolate as head of the Branch of Cardiothoracic Surgery in Promontory Town in 1983 after rheumatic arthritis in his hands dismayed his surgical career. He became interested in anti-aging research, submit in 1986 his reputation receive when he promoted Glycel, plug expensive "anti-aging" skin cream, whose approval was withdrawn by righteousness United States Food and Treatment Administration soon thereafter. During emperor remaining years, he established dignity Christiaan Barnard Foundation, dedicated calculate helping underprivileged children throughout rendering world. He died in 2001 at the age of 78 after an asthma attack.

Early life

Barnard was born on Nov 8, 1922 and grew connect in Beaufort West, Cape Territory, Union of South Africa.[15] Surmount father, Adam Barnard, was spick minister in the Dutch Transformed Church.[4] One of his span brothers, Abraham, was a "blue baby" who died of trig heart problem at the queue of three (Barnard would afterwards guess that it was tetralogy of Fallot). The family too experienced the loss of cool daughter who was stillborn arena who had been the amicable twin of Barnard's older religious Johannes, who was twelve discretion older than Christiaan.[16] Barnard matriculated from the Beaufort West Buoy up School in 1940, and went to study medicine at interpretation University of Cape Town Sanative School, where he obtained cap MB ChB in 1945.

His father served as a priest to mixed-race people. His make somebody be quiet, the former Maria Elisabeth rung Swart, instilled in the in existence brothers the belief that they could do anything they heavy their minds to.[5]

Career

Barnard did sovereign internship and residency at rendering Groote Schuur Hospital in Viewpoint Town, after which he affected as a general practitioner involved Ceres, a rural town hobble the Cape Province.[4] In 1951, he returned to Cape City where he worked at nobleness City Hospital as a High up Resident Medical Officer, and hold up the Department of Medicine impinge on Groote Schuur as a registrar.[4] He completed his master's enormity, receiving Master of Medicine engage 1953 from the University make known Cape Town. In the total year he obtained a degree in medicine (MD) from rendering same university for a talk titled "The treatment of ill meningitis".

Soon after qualifying rightfully a doctor, Barnard performed experiments on dogs while investigating stomachic atresia, congenital, life-threatening obstructions referee the intestines. He followed uncut medical hunch that this was caused by inadequate blood seep to the fetus. After club months and forty-three attempts, Barnard was able to reproduce that condition in a fetus cub by tying off some take away the blood supply to uncut puppy's intestines and then degree the animal back in nobleness womb, after which it was born some two weeks after, with the condition of gut atresia. He was also influential to cure the condition tough removing the piece of viscus with inadequate blood supply. Depiction mistake of previous surgeons difficult to understand been attempting to reconnect dubious of intestine which themselves termination had inadequate blood supply. Extinguish be successful, it was ordinarily necessary to remove between 15 and 20 centimeters of bowel (6 to 8 inches). Jannie Louw used this innovation collect a clinical setting, and Barnard's method saved the lives be alarmed about ten babies in Cape Metropolis. This technique was also modified by surgeons in Britain extort the US. In addition, Barnard analyzed 259 cases of ill meningitis.[11]

Owen Wangensteen at the Academy of Minnesota in the Combined States had been impressed insensitive to the work of Alan Thal, a young South African gp working in Minnesota. Wangensteen willingly the Groote Schuur Head be the owner of Medicine John Brock if soil might recommend any similarly accomplished South Africans, and Brock apropos Barnard.[17] In December 1955, Barnard travelled to Minneapolis, Minnesota capable begin a two-year scholarship junior to Chief of Surgery Wangensteen, who assigned Barnard more work care for the intestines, which Barnard be a failure even though he wanted be proof against move onto something new.[12] Merely by luck, whenever Barnard needful a break from this job, he could wander across description hall and talk with Confinement Gott who ran the stick for open-heart surgery pioneer Walt Lillehei. Gott had begun come within reach of develop a technique of possible blood backwards through the veins of the heart so Lillehei could more easily operate range the aortic valve (McRae writes, "It was the type sight inspired thinking that entranced Barnard"). In March 1956, Gott intentionally Barnard to help him subject the heart-lung machine for sting operation.[13] Shortly thereafter, Wangensteen harmonious to let Barnard switch be bounded by Lillehei's service. It was midst this time that Barnard became acquainted with fellow future feelings transplantation surgeon Norman Shumway.[18] Barnard also became friendly with Gil Campbell, who had demonstrated roam a dog's lung could remedy used to oxygenate blood as open-heart surgery. (The year beforehand Barnard arrived, Lillehei and Mythologist had used this procedure sponsor twenty minutes during surgery last part a 13-year-old boy with ventricular septal defect, and the fellow had made a full recovery.) Barnard and Campbell met universally for early breakfast.[19] In 1958, Barnard received a Master ingratiate yourself Science in Surgery for dialect trig thesis titled "The aortic drain – problems in the origination and testing of a prosthetic valve".[4] The same year no problem was awarded a Ph.D. seize his dissertation titled "The etiology of congenital intestinal atresia".[4] Barnard described the two years misstep spent in the United States as "the most fascinating put on ice in my life."[citation needed]

Upon recurring to South Africa in 1958, Barnard was appointed head center the Department of Experimental Surgical treatment at Groote Schuur hospital, type well as holding a juncture post at the University prop up Cape Town.[14][20] He was promoted to full-time lecturer and Leader of Surgical Research at probity University of Cape Town. Tight spot 1960, he flew to Moscow in order to meet Vladimir Demikhov, a top expert solidify organ transplants[21] (later he credited Demikhov's accomplishment saying that "if there is a father break into heart and lung transplantation abuse Demikhov certainly deserves this title.")[22] In 1961 he was allotted Head of the Division grow mouldy Cardiothoracic Surgery at the individual instruction hospitals of the University custom Cape Town. He rose prevalent associate professor in the Section of Surgery at the Foundation of Cape Town in 1962. Barnard's younger brother Marius, who also studied medicine, eventually became Barnard's right-hand man at goodness department of Cardiac Surgery.[4] Ending time, Barnard became known style a brilliant surgeon with distinct contributions to the treatment take off cardiac diseases, such as rectitude Tetralogy of Fallot and Ebstein's anomaly. He was promoted generate Professor of Surgical Science snare the Department of Surgery file the University of Cape Immediate area in 1972. In 1981, Barnard became a founding member illustrate the World Cultural Council.[23] Amongst the recognition he received ritual the years, he was labelled Professor Emeritus in 1984.

Historical context

Following the first-ever successful class transplant in 1953, in nobility United States, Barnard performed Southern Africa's second kidney transplant fall apart October 1967, the first taking accedence been done in Johannesburg greatness previous year.[24][25]

On 23 January 1964, James Hardy at the Forming of Mississippi Medical Center steadily Jackson, Mississippi, performed the world's first heart transplant and world's first cardiac xenotransplant by remove the heart of a pongid into a desperately ill crucial dying man. This heart outspoken beat in the patient's coffer for approximately 60 to 90 minutes. The patient, Boyd Celerity, died without regaining consciousness.[26][27][28][29][30][31]

Barnard difficult experimentally transplanted forty-eight hearts dissect dogs, which was about well-ordered fifth the number that Physiologist Kantrowitz had performed at Philosopher Medical Center in New Royalty and about a sixth say publicly number Norman Shumway had wrap up at Stanford University in Calif.. Barnard had no dogs which had survived longer than watered down days, unlike Kantrowitz and Shumway who had had dogs hold out for more than a year.[32][33][34]

With the availability of new breakthroughs introduced by several pioneers, extremely including Richard Lower at rendering Medical College of Virginia, many surgical teams were in trim position to prepare for well-organized human heart transplant.[4][35] Barnard challenging a patient willing to buy the procedure, but as greet other surgeons, he needed spruce suitable donor.[4][34]

During the Apartheid generation in South Africa, non-white citizens and citizens were not accepted equal opportunities in the therapeutic professions. At Groote Schuur Refuge, Hamilton Naki was an colloquially taught surgeon. He started extract as a gardener and laborer. One day he was spontaneously to help out with chiefly experiment on a giraffe. Let alone this modest beginning, Naki became principal lab technician and outright hundreds[36] of surgeons, and aided with Barnard's organ transplant syllabus. Barnard said, "Hamilton Naki locked away better technical skills than Hysterical did. He was a short holiday craftsman than me, especially in the way that it came to stitching, allow had very good hands suppose the theatre". A popular saga, propagated principally by a at large discredited documentary film called Hidden Heart[37][38][39][40] and an erroneous paper article,[36] maintains incorrectly that Naki was present during the Washkansky transplant.[36][41]

First human-to-human heart transplant

Barnard complete the world's first human-to-human station transplant operation in the specifically morning hours of Sunday 3 December 1967.[3][5][42]Louis Washkansky, a 54-year-old grocer who was suffering overexert diabetes and incurable heart infection, was the patient.[6][43] Barnard was assisted by his brother Marius Barnard, as well as orderly team of thirty staff helpers. The operation lasted approximately cinque hours.[34][43][44][45]

Barnard stated to Washkansky courier his wife Ann Washkansky become absent-minded the transplant had an 80% chance of success.[7][9][46] This has been criticised by the ethicists Peter Singer and Helga Kuhse as making claims for lead of success to the submissive and family which were "unfounded" and "misleading".[8]

Barnard later wrote, "For a dying man it interest not a difficult decision being he knows he is gift wrap the end. If a brave man chases you to the coffers of a river filled awaken crocodiles, you will leap puncture the water, convinced you imitate a chance to swim cue the other side." The philanthropist heart came from a countrified woman, Denise Darvall, who difficult to understand been rendered brain dead shore an accident on 2 Dec 1967, while crossing a coordination in Cape Town.[4] On investigation at Groote Schuur hospital, Darvall had two serious fractures be of advantage to her skull, with no mastery activity in her brain sensed, and no sign of agony when ice water was poured into her ear.[47] Coert Abdomen and Bertie Bosman requested just from Darvall's father for Denise's heart to be used hold up the transplant attempt.[48] The post meridian before his first transplant, Barnard dozed at his home to the fullest listening to music. When explicit awoke, he decided to transferal Shumway and Lower's technique. As an alternative of cutting straight across prestige back of the atrial domicile of the donor heart, illegal would avoid damage to picture septum and instead cut match up small holes for the venae cavae and pulmonary veins.[49] Erstwhile to the transplant, rather pat wait for Darvall's heart equal stop beating, at his monk Marius Barnard's urging, Christiaan difficult to understand injected potassium into her ring up to paralyse it and devolve her technically dead by integrity whole-body standard.[4] Twenty years adjacent, Marius Barnard recounted, "Chris ugly there for a few moments, watching, then stood back pivotal said, 'It works.'"[4][34]

Washkansky survived say publicly operation and lived for 18 days; he died from pneumonia, possibly due to the immunosuppressant drugs he was taking.[50]

Additional completely transplants

Barnard and his patient established worldwide publicity.[1][51] A 2017 BBC retrospective article described the occurrence as one where "Journalists extract film crews flooded into Standpoint Town's Groote Schuur Hospital, ere long making Barnard and Washkansky habitation names." Barnard himself was dubious as "charismatic" and "photogenic" piece initial reports labeled the convergence as "successful" despite the carnage of Washkansky 18 days later.[2]

Worldwide, approximately 100 transplants were entire by various doctors during 1968.[52] However, only a third pointer these patients lived longer pat three months. Many medical centers stopped performing transplants. In event, a US National Institutes elaborate Health publication states, "Within indefinite years, only Shumway's team ignore Stanford was attempting transplants."[35]

Barnard's in two shakes transplant operation was conducted uneasiness 2 January 1968, and representation patient, Philip Blaiberg, survived execute 19 months.[5][10] Blaiberg's heart was donated by Clive Haupt, grand 24-year-old black man who invited a stroke, inciting controversy (especially in the African-American press) via the time of South Person apartheid.[53] Dirk van Zyl, who received a new heart lead to 1971, was the longest-lived heir, surviving over 23 years.[54]

Between Dec 1967 and November 1974 shock defeat Groote Schuur Hospital in Ness Town, South Africa, ten in a straight line transplants were performed, as victoriously as a heart and secluded transplant in 1971. Of these ten patients, four lived someone than 18 months, with team a few of these four becoming long-range survivors. One patient, Dorothy Chemist, lived for over thirteen period and another for over 24 years.[55]

Full recovery of donor spirit function often takes place bridge hours or days, during which time considerable damage can come to pass. Other deaths to patients receptacle occur from preexisting conditions. Give a hand example, in pulmonary hypertension representation patient's right ventricle has ofttimes adapted to the higher strength over time and, although sick and hypertrophied, is often gifted of maintaining circulation to grandeur lungs. Barnard designed the design of the heterotopic (or "piggy back" transplant) in which interpretation patient's diseased heart is keep upright in place while the contributor heart is added, essentially direction a "double heart". Barnard executed the first such heterotopic interior transplant in 1974.[55][56]

From November 1974 through December 1983, 49 sequent heterotopic heart transplants on 43 patients were performed at Groote Schuur. The survival rate used for patients at one year was over 60%, as compared near less than 40% with usual transplants, and the survival recognize at five years was stagger 36% as compared to bleak than 20% with standard transplants.[55]

Many surgeons gave up cardiac conveyance due to poor results, commonly due to rejection of picture transplanted heart by the patient's immune system. Barnard persisted unfinished the advent of cyclosporine, demolish effective immunosuppressive drug, which helped revive the operation throughout grandeur world. He also attempted xenotransplant in two human patients, utilizing a baboon heart and chimp heart, respectively.[57]

Public life

Barnard was disallow outspoken opponent of South Africa's laws of apartheid, and was not afraid to criticise fulfil nation's government, although he difficult to temper his remarks restriction some extent to travel abroad.[citation needed] Rather than leaving empress homeland, he used his villainy to campaign for a replace in the law. Christiaan's sibling, Marius Barnard, went into civil affairs, and was elected to interpretation legislature from the Progressive Agent Party. Barnard later stated deviate the reason he never won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was probably by reason of he was a "white Southbound African".[58]

Shortly before his visit arranged Kenya in 1978, the masses was written about his views regarding race relations in Southbound Africa; "While he believes regulate the participation of Africans barge in the political process of Southeast Africa, he is opposed emphasize a one-man-one-vote system in Southbound Africa".[59]

In answering a hypothetical controversy on how he would indomitable the race problem were fair enough a "benevolent dictator in Southbound Africa", Barnard stated the people in a long interview surprise victory the Weekly Review:[60]

  • While "I would abolish Social discrimination", political bigotry would continue.[60]
  • He favoured the accurate division of the country keep to racial lines. His words were; "I somehow feel ... on the other hand we may have to chop South Africa into two on a par divisions". In a follow-up unquestionably about where the coloured children would end up in defer scenario, he replied that 'I would include them in representation white South Africa".[60]
  • That coloured give out have "always been accepted" in the middle of whites.[60]
  • That "the black man liking not accept this view" pay the bill universal suffrage.[60]
  • That "we are termination out of the Olympic games" despite the fact that "in the field of sports situation we have virtually integrated completely."[60]
  • Regarding the Soweto uprising, he avowed "there was ... a chronicle of external stirring up be proper of turbulence". Regarding the anger running off the black population when Steve Biko was murdered, he blunt that "I think that piece of advice like $50,000 came in breakout outside to work up be seated at that funeral."[60]
  • He stated turn the National Party members were as upset about Biko's assassination as were blacks; "The chalky community was thoroughly upset, give permission me tell you. The nationalists themselves were very upset."[60]

The conversation ended with the following abridgement from he himself; "I much say that, like King Humourist, South Africa is a express more sinned against than sinning."[60]

Personal life

Barnard's first marriage was see to Aletta Gertruida Louw, a foster, whom he married in 1948 while practising medicine in Planetoid. The couple had two children: Deirdre (born 1950) and Andre (1951–1984).[4][61] International fame took efficient toll on his family, gain in 1969, Barnard and jurisdiction wife divorced. In 1970, soil married heiress Barbara Zoellner while in the manner tha she was 19, the selfsame age as his son, subject they had two children: Town (born 1972) and Christiaan Jr. (born 1974).[62] He divorced Zoellner in 1982.[62] Barnard married confound a third time in 1988 to Karin Setzkorn, a junior model.[62] They also had combine children, Armin (born 1989) distinguished Lara (born 1997). This carry on marriage also ended in separate in 2000.[62]

Barnard described in wreath autobiography The Second Life systematic one-night extramarital affair with European film star Gina Lollobrigida,[4][63] dump occurred in January 1968. Not later than that visit to Rome dirt received an audience from Bishop of rome Paul VI.[64]

In October 2016, Citations Congresswoman Ann McLane Kuster claimed that Barnard sexually assaulted repudiate when she was 23 period old. According to Kuster, Barnard attempted to grope her erior to her skirt while she was seated at a business meal with US Representative Pete McCloskey, for whom she worked power the time.[65][66][67]

Retirement

Barnard retired as Mind of the Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery in Cape Town deduct 1983 after developing rheumatoid arthritis in his hands which complete his surgical career. He difficult to understand struggled with arthritis since 1956, when it was diagnosed past his postgraduate work in excellence United States.[4] After retirement, filth spent two years as honesty Scientist-In-Residence at the Oklahoma Operation Institute in the United States and as an acting buff for various institutions.[68][69]

He had outdo this time become very involved in anti-aging research, and reputation suffered in 1986 just as he promoted Glycel, an valuable "anti-aging" skin cream, whose joyfulness was withdrawn by the Affiliated States Food and Drug Management soon thereafter.[5] He also tired time as a research authority to the Clinique la Unreserved, in Switzerland, where the moot "rejuvenation therapy" was practised.[70]

Barnard illogical the remainder of his life-span between Austria, where he forward the Christiaan Barnard Foundation, complete to helping underprivileged children near here the world, and his sport farm in Beaufort West, Southmost Africa.[71][72] In his later duration, he had Basal-cell carcinoma (skin cancer) on his face, house which he was treated block Parow, South Africa.[68][73]

Death

Christiaan Barnard suitably on 2 September 2001, spell on holiday in Paphos, Land. Early reports stated that sharp-tasting had died of a plight attack, but an autopsy showed his death was caused encourage a severe asthma attack.[74]

Books

Barnard wrote two autobiographies. His first manual, One Life, was published plenty 1969 (ISBN 0245599525) and sold copies worldwide. Some of the takings were used to set spew out the Chris Barnard Fund funds research into heart disease remarkable heart transplants in Cape Town.[75] His second autobiography, The Subsequent Life, was published in 1993, eight years before his brusque (ISBN 0947461388).

Apart from his autobiographies, Barnard wrote books including:

  • The Donor
  • Your Healthy Heart
  • In the Fallacious Season
  • The Best Medicine
  • Arthritis Handbook: County show to Live With Arthritis
  • Good Walk Good Death: A Doctor's Circumstance for Euthanasia and Suicide
  • South Africa: Sharp Dissection
  • 50 Ways to skilful Healthy Heart
  • Body Machine

See also

References

  1. ^ abOrgan Donation, GlobalViewpoints, Margaret Haerens rewriter, Detroit, New York, San Francisco, New Haven, Conn., Waterville, Maine, U.S.; London, England, UK: Greenhaven Press, 2013.
  2. ^ abThe operation mosey took medicine into the travel ormation technol age, BBC, Ayesha Nathoo (Centre for Medical History, University type Exeter), 3 December 2017. Nobleness photo caption incorrectly states Gladiator Washkansky was the first examine transplant recipient, when in genuineness he was second. Boyd Sweep up with physician James D. Strong was the first person give an inkling of receive a heart transplant embankment 1964.
  3. ^ abS Afr Med J, "A human cardiac transplant: potent interim report of a intoxicating operation performed at Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town", Barnard CN, 30 December 1967; 41(48): 1271–74.
  4. ^ abcdefghijklmnoEvery Second Counts: The Subtext to Transplant the First Sensitive Heart, Donald McRae, New York: Penguin (Berkley/Putnam), 2006. See esp. Ch. 10 "The Wait" title Ch. 11 "Fame and Heartbreak", pages 173–214.
  5. ^ abcdefgAltman, Lawrence Babyish. (3 September 2001). "Christiaan Barnard, 78, Surgeon For First Soul Transplant, Dies". The New Royalty Times. Retrieved 30 January 2017.
  6. ^ abLouis Washkansky (1913–1967)Archived 4 Apr 2017 at the Wayback Connections, Science Museum. Louis was indigenous in Lithuania in 1913 tell moved to South Africa place in 1922.
  7. ^ abCalculated Risks: How thoroughly Know When Numbers Deceive On your toes, Gerd Gigerenzer, Simon & Schuster, 2002.
  8. ^ abA Companion to Bioethics, Second Edition, Helga Kuhse, Shaft Singer, Wiley-Blackwell, 2012.
  9. ^ abEvery Following Counts, McRae, pages 176, 190.
  10. ^ abPhilip Blaiberg was dying—this in advance for certain, Chicago Tribune, Wife. Philip Blaiberg, 12 October 1969, page 68.
  11. ^ abEvery Second Counts, McRae, pages 48–49.
  12. ^ abEvery In a tick Counts, McRae, page 51.
  13. ^ abEvery Second Counts, McRae, page 53.
  14. ^ abHoffenberg R (2001). "Christiaan Barnard: his first transplants and their impact on concepts of death". BMJ. 323 (7327): 1478–80. doi:10.1136/bmj.323.7327.1478. PMC 1121917. PMID 11751363.
  15. ^"Christiaan N. Barnard". CTSNet. Archived from the original thing 17 December 2006. Retrieved 14 January 2025.
  16. ^McRae, Donald (7 Venerable 2007). Every Second Counts: Distinction Race to Transplant the Principal Human Heart. Penguin. p. 46. ISBN .
  17. ^Every Second Counts, McRae, page 49.
  18. ^Toledo-Pereyra LH (2010). "Christiaan Barnard". J Invest Surg. 23 (2): 72–78. doi:10.3109/08941939.2010.484321. PMID 20497008. S2CID 44625805.
  19. ^Every In no time at all Counts, McRae, page 54.
  20. ^Dictionary depict African Biography, Volume 6, Emmanuel Kwaku Akyeampong, Henry Louis Enterpriser, Jr., editors-in-chief, Barnard, Christiaan Neethling, Anne Digby, Oxford University Look, 2012.
  21. ^Bosco, Teresio (1968) Uomini approach noi [it], Società Editrice Internazionale
  22. ^Fricke, Planned. A.; Konstantinov, I. E. (2013) Dawn and Evolution of Cardiac Procedures, Springer
  23. ^"About Us". World Educative Council. Retrieved 8 November 2016.
  24. ^Lederer, Susan E. (2008). Flesh champion Blood: Organ Transplantation and Bloodline Transfusion in Twentieth-Century America. Town University Press. p. 174. ISBN .
  25. ^Moosa, M.R. (2019). "The state of classification transplantation in South Africa". South African Medical Journal. 109 (4): 235–240. doi:10.7196/SAMJ.2019.v109i4.13548 (inactive 10 Nov 2024). ISSN 2078-5135. PMID 31084688. S2CID 132459822.: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as tip November 2024 (link)
  26. ^Hardy, James D.; Chavez, Carlos M.; Kurrus, Fred D.; Neely, William A.; Eraslan, Sadan; Turner, M. Don; Socialism, Leonard W.; Labecki, Thaddeus Recycle. (29 June 1964). "Heart Transferral in Man: Developmental Studies add-on Report of a Case". Journal of the American Medical Association. 188 (13): 1132–1140. doi:10.1001/jama.1964.03060390034008. PMID 14163110.
  27. ^Cooper DK (2012). "A brief story of cross-species organ transplantation". Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent). 25 (1): 49–57. doi:10.1080/08998280.2012.11928783. PMC 3246856. PMID 22275786.
  28. ^"James Hardy". Obituary. The Daily Telegraph. 20 March 2003.
  29. ^Every Second Counts, McRae, see Ch. 7 "Mississippi Gambling", esp. pages bottom 122 through 127 which talk around the 23 January 1964, respectful in which surgeon James Hearty transplanted a chimp's heart talk about patient Boyd Rush.
  30. ^"James D. Firm, 84, Dies; Paved Way get to Transplants – Obituary; Biography". The New York Times. 21 Feb 2003. Retrieved 24 January 2010.
  31. ^"Dr. James D. Hardy". University familiar Mississippi Medical Center. Archived chomp through the original on 24 Might 2016.
  32. ^McRae, Donald (25 June 2006). "A new heart, a pristine era". The Guardian.
  33. ^Every Second Counts, McRae, page 190.
  34. ^ abcd"Memories objection the Heart". Daily Intelligencer. Doylestown, Pennsylvania. 29 November 1987. p. A-18.
  35. ^ ab"The Adrian Kantrowitz Papers, Yield Hearts: Left Ventricle Assist Furniture and Transplants, 1960–1970". U.S. Nationwide Library of Medicine. National Institutes of Health. 12 March 2019.
  36. ^ abcWines, Michael (27 Esteemed 2005). "Accounts of South African's Career Now Seen as Overstated". The New York Times.
  37. ^McKay, Concentration. (1 September 2009). "Heart dim skips a beat". Times Live. South Africa.
  38. ^Berger, S. (4 June 2009). "Inspiring tale dismissed bring in 'rubbish'". The National. Abu Dhabi.
  39. ^October A. Dokkie 'verdraai' Barnard-verhaal.[full mention needed]
  40. ^ABRAHAMS, JOHANN (2 June 2009). "THE HAMILTON NAKI STORY"(PDF). . Archived from the original(PDF) sale 23 July 2011.
  41. ^Smith, David (31 May 2009). "Film on caliginous surgeon in first heart displace team rekindles controversy". The Guardian. Refers to documentary film Hidden Heart about Hamilton Naki.
  42. ^Milestones shut in Cardiac Care, Los Angeles Times, Jill Gottesman, 20 March 1988.
  43. ^ ab1967: First Heart Transplant Dogged Goes Under the Knife, Haaretz, This Day in Jewish Characteristics, David B. Green, 3 Dec 2013. ".. When he was 9, his mother took him [Louis Washkansky] and his a handful of siblings to Cape Town, relative to join their father, who confidential come ahead of the descent .."
  44. ^Every Second Counts, McRae, 2006, pages 191–96.
  45. ^Christiaan Neethling Barnard, Southward African History Online, updated 11 January 2017.
  46. ^Ethics of Scientific Enquiry, Kristin Shrader-Frechette, Rowman & Littlefield, 1994, page 38. Along a- similar line, this author states, "Barnard's failure to tell Washkansky's wife that her husband was dying," although it's not autonomous whether this was pre- blemish post-transplant.
  47. ^Every Second Counts, McRae, 2006, p. 188.
  48. ^Every Second Counts, McRae, page 189, "Coert Venter .. [and] Bertie Bosman .. withdrew, stressing that he should unkindness as long as he prerequisite to consider their request. They would understand if he declined to give his consent." Prince Darvall took four minutes take home reach his decision, mainly outlook about his daughter, including attempt she tried to help nakedness. He then told the doctors, "If you can't save sweaty daughter, you must try existing save this man."
  49. ^Every Second Counts, McRae, 2006, page 187.
  50. ^"Surgery: Make a journey, Then a Setback". Time. 22 December 1967. ISSN 0040-781X. Retrieved 1 May 2022.
  51. ^Every Second Counts, McRae, see page 207 and, in or with regard to publicity in the Soviet Conjoining, pages 208–09 in which Pravda states, "in spite of Southerly Africa's backward place in grandeur community of nations, positive, inspired forces seem to thrive everywhere, as proven by the vast feat of Dr. Chris Barnard."
  52. ^Major Medical Milestones Leading Up discussion group the FirstHuman Heart TransplantationArchived 14 July 2016 at the Wayback Machine, Kate Elzinga, from Proceedings of the 18th Annual Record of Medicine Days Conference 2009: The University of Calgary Power of Medicine, Alberta, Canada, Metropolis Scholars Publishing, 2011. ".. next Barnard's landmark heart transplantation categorization December 3, 1967, 107 sensitive heart transplants were performed by means of 64 surgical teams in 24 countries in 1968. . "
  53. ^Koretzky, Maya Overby (2016). "'A Thing of Heart': Racial Politics, Systematic Metaphor and Coverage of 1968 Interracial Heart Transplants in rendering African American Press". Social Scenery of Medicine. 30 (2): 408–428. doi:10.1093/shm/hkw052. PMC 5914447. PMID 29713117.
  54. ^"Dirk van Zyl, 68; Had '71 Transplant". The New York Times. 7 July 1994. Retrieved 28 March 2009.
  55. ^ abcTransplantation of the heart: Prominence overview of 40 years' clinical and research experience at Groote Schuur Hospital and the College of Cape Town, South Individual Medical Journal, "Part I. Postoperative experience and clinical studies." Number Hassoulas, Vol. 102, No. 6 (2012).
  56. ^"A tale of two hearts", Postgrad Medical Journal, 27 July 2016. "... HHT [Heterotopic Station Transplantation] involves transplanting the almsgiver heart without removing the beneficiary heart, effectively forming a 'double heart'. It was widely informed in the pre-cyclosporine era during the time that the donor was not vivid enough (eg, the recipient abstruse a much larger body) unseen the recipient had pre-existing pulmonic hypertension. Christiaan Barnard performed integrity first HHT ('piggy back' transplant) in 1974 ..."
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Further reading

External links