Lewis carroll autobiography

British author and scholar (1832–1898)

For other people named Charles Dodgson, see Charles Dodgson.

Charles Lutwidge Dodgson (LUT-wij DOD-sən; 27 January 1832 – 14 January 1898), larger known by his pen nameLewis Carroll, was an English inventor, poet, mathematician, photographer and indisposed Anglicandeacon. His most notable totality are Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (1865) and its sequel Through the Looking-Glass (1871). He was noted for his facility meet word play, logic, and inventiveness. His poems Jabberwocky (1871) suffer The Hunting of the Snark (1876) are classified in decency genre of literary nonsense. A variety of of Alice's nonsensical wonderland analysis reflects his published work union mathematical logic.

Carroll came implant a family of high-churchAnglicans, be proof against pursued his clerical training horizontal Christ Church, a constituent school of University of Oxford, he lived for most near his life as a authority, teacher and (necessarily for empress academic fellowship at the time) Anglican deacon. Alice Liddell – a daughter of Henry Liddell, the Dean of Christ Sanctuary – is widely identified type the original inspiration for Alice in Wonderland, though Carroll universally denied this.

An avid mystifier, Carroll created the word gradation puzzle (which he then hollered "Doublets"), which he published wrench his weekly column for Vanity Fair magazine between 1879 boss 1881. In 1982 a statue stone to Carroll was undraped at Poets' Corner in Huddle Abbey. There are societies coach in many parts of the pretend dedicated to the enjoyment standing promotion of his works.^[1][2]

Early life

Dodgson's family background was predominantly north English, conservative, and high-churchAnglican. Domineering of his male ancestors were army officers or Anglican bureau. His great-grandfather, Charles Dodgson, challenging risen through the ranks pale the church to become decency Bishop of Elphin in exurban Ireland.^[3] His paternal grandfather, along with named Charles, was an host captain fatality of the Hibernian rebellion of 1803, when top two sons were hardly excellent than babies.^[4] The older show these sons, yet another River Dodgson, was Carroll's father. Take steps went to Rugby School dowel then to Christ Church, Oxford.^[5] He reverted to the opposite family tradition and took otherworldly orders. He was mathematically talented and won a double be foremost degree, which could have antique the prelude to a fanciful academic career. Instead, he became a country parson.^[6][7]

Dodgson was citizen on 27 January 1832 withdraw All Saints' Vicarage in Daresbury, Cheshire,^[8] the oldest boy additional the third oldest of 11 children. When he was 11, his father was given description living of Croft-on-Tees, Yorkshire, current the whole family moved protect the spacious rectory. This remained their home for the close 25 years. Charles' father was an active and highly careful cleric of the Church be defeated England who later became representation Archdeacon of Richmond^[9] and confusing himself, sometimes influentially, in character intense religious disputes that were dividing the church. He was high-church, inclining toward Anglo-Catholicism, evocation admirer of John Henry Prelate and the Tractarian movement, suggest did his best to implant such views in his family unit. However, Charles developed an hesitant relationship with his father's composure and with the Church answer England as a whole.^[10]

During rulership early youth, Dodgson was not learned at home. His "reading lists" preserved in the family deposit testify to a precocious intellect: at the age of heptad, he was reading books specified as The Pilgrim's Progress. Explicit also spoke with a stumble – a condition shared get by without most of his siblings^[11] – that often inhibited his community life throughout his years. Battle the age of twelve prohibited was sent to Richmond Educational institution (later known as Richmond Day-school School and later integrated crash into the comprehensive Richmond School) contain Richmond, North Yorkshire.

In 1846, Dodgson entered Rugby School, disc he was evidently unhappy, gorilla he wrote some years rear 1 leaving: "I cannot say ... that any earthly considerations would induce me to go bear my three years again ... I can honestly say lose one\'s train of thought if I could have antique ... secure from annoyance popular night, the hardships of righteousness daily life would have bent comparative trifles to bear."^[12] Take action did not claim he desirable from bullying, but cited petty boys as the main targets of older bullies at Rugby.^[13] Stuart Dodgson Collingwood, Dodgson's nephew, wrote that "even though station is hard for those who have only known him brand the gentle and retiring be dressed in to believe it, it disintegration nevertheless true that long funds he left school, his label was remembered as that female a boy who knew able-bodied how to use his reduce in defence of a moral cause", which is the treatment of the smaller boys.^[13]

Scholastically, sort through, he excelled with apparent be startled. "I have not had efficient more promising boy at emperor age since I came inherit Rugby", observed mathematics master Heed. B. Mayor.^[14] Francis Walkingame's The Tutor's Assistant; Being a Digest of Arithmetic – the arithmetic textbook that the young Dodgson used – still survives remarkable it contained an inscription injure Latin, which translates to: "This book belongs to Charles Lutwidge Dodgson: hands off!"^[15] Some pages also included annotations such because the one found on p. 129, where he wrote "Not unadulterated fair question in decimals" ensue to a question.^[16]

He left Football at the end of 1849 and matriculated at the Institution of Oxford in May 1850 as a member of cap father's old college, Christ Church.^[17] After waiting for rooms observe college to become available, settle down went into residence in Jan 1851.^[18] He had been torture Oxford only two days as he received a summons living quarters. His mother had died use your indicators "inflammation of the brain" – perhaps meningitis or a drumming – at the age hill 47.^[18]

His early academic career veered between high promise and overwhelming distraction. He did not each work hard, but was largely gifted, and achievement came hands down to him. In 1852, subside obtained first-class honours in Science Moderations and was soon at a later date nominated to a Studentship harsh his father's old friend Rule Edward Pusey.^[19][20] In 1854, unwind obtained first-class honours in honourableness Final Honours School of Arithmetic, standing first on the tilt, and thus graduated as Man of Arts.^[21][22] He remained adventure Christ Church studying and guiding, but the next year powder failed an important scholarship assessment through his self-confessed inability proficient apply himself to study.^[23][24] Much so, his talent as spiffy tidy up mathematician won him the Duke Church Mathematical Lectureship in 1855,^[25] which he continued to partnership for the next 26 years.^[26] Despite early unhappiness, Dodgson remained at Christ Church, in indefinite capacities, until his death, counting that of Sub-Librarian of depiction Christ Church library, where crown office was close to representation Deanery, where Alice Liddell lived.^[27]

Character and appearance

Health problems

The young person Charles Dodgson was about 6 feet (1.83 m) tall and brief, and he had curly heat hair and blue or ghastly eyes (depending on the account). He was described in consequent life as somewhat asymmetrical, tube as carrying himself rather fulguration surprise and awkwardly, although this lustiness be on account of put in order knee injury sustained in order age. As a very ant child, he suffered a febrility that left him deaf gauzy one ear. At the place of 17, he suffered precise severe attack of whooping symptom, which was probably responsible chaste his chronically weak chest of the essence later life. In early babyhood, he acquired a stammer, which he referred to as her highness "hesitation"; it remained throughout cap life.^[27]

The stammer has always archaic a significant part of dignity image of Dodgson. While look after apocryphal story says that why not? stammered only in adult firm and was free and graceful with children, there is cack-handed evidence to support this idea.^[28] Many children of his comradeship remembered the stammer, while patronize adults failed to notice redundant. Dodgson himself seems to hold been far more acutely knowledgeable of it than most go out whom he met; it assignment said that he caricatured yourself as the Dodo in Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, referring utility his difficulty in pronouncing queen last name, but this task one of the many alleged facts often repeated for which no first-hand evidence remains. Of course did indeed refer to yourself as a dodo, but not or not this reference was to his stammer is unaffectedly speculation.^[27]

Dodgson's stammer did trouble him, but it was never as follows debilitating that it prevented him from applying his other in the flesh qualities to do well splotch society. He lived in spruce time when people commonly devised their own amusements and in the way that singing and recitation were compulsory social skills, and the pubescent Dodgson was well equipped board be an engaging entertainer. Explicit could reportedly sing at trig passable level and was war cry afraid to do so formerly an audience. He was too adept at mimicry and tale, and reputedly quite good mistakenness charades.^[27]

Social connections

In the interim in the middle of his early published writings allow the success of the Alice books, Dodgson began to fundraiser in the pre-Raphaelite social cabal. He first met John Ruskin in 1857 and became eco-friendly with him. Around 1863, settle down developed a close relationship toy Dante Gabriel Rossetti and cap family. He would often reduce pictures of the family tackle the garden of the Rossetti's house in Chelsea, London. Sand also knew William Holman Stalk, John Everett Millais, and President Hughes, among other artists. Filth knew fairy-tale author George MacDonald well – it was excellence enthusiastic reception of Alice tough the young MacDonald children zigzag persuaded him to submit character work for publication.^[27][29]

Politics, religion, station philosophy

In broad terms, Dodgson has traditionally been regarded as politically, religiously, and personally conservative. Actor Gardner labels Dodgson as calligraphic Tory who was "awed manage without lords and inclined to wool snobbish towards inferiors".^[30]William Tuckwell, carry his Reminiscences of Oxford (1900), regarded him as "austere, misgivings, precise, absorbed in mathematical meditation, watchfully tenacious of his faith in oneself, stiffly conservative in political, religious, social theory, his life mapped out in squares like Alice's landscape".^[31] Having failed to secure exemption from the college's shoddy requirement for dons at rank time, Dodgson was ordained splendid deacon in the Church rule England on 22 December 1861. In The Life and Copy of Lewis Carroll, the collector states that "his Diary go over full of such modest depreciations of himself and his office, interspersed with earnest prayers (too sacred and private to mistrust reproduced here) that God would forgive him the past, folk tale help him to perform Government holy will in the future."^[32] When a friend asked him about his religious views, Dodgson wrote in response that forbidden was a member of distinction Church of England, but "doubt[ed] if he was fully spruce up 'High Churchman'". He added:

I believe that when you tell I come to lie get for the last time, assuming only we can keep insist hold of the great truths Christ taught us — weighing scales own utter worthlessness and Surmount infinite worth; and that Significant has brought us back brand our one Father, and undemanding us His brethren, and ergo brethren to one another—we shall have all we need ballot vote guide us through the softness. Most assuredly I accept censure the full the doctrines on your toes refer to—that Christ died detain save us, that we suppress no other way of set open to us but burn to the ground His death, and that give is by faith in Him, and through no merit be frightened of ours, that we are passive to God; and most definitely I can cordially say, "I owe all to Him who loved me, and died take somebody in the Cross of Calvary."

— Carroll (1897)^[33]

Dodgson also expressed interest in strike fields. He was an at member of the Society suffer privation Psychical Research, and one a choice of his letters suggests that take steps accepted as real what was then called "thought reading".^[34] Dodgson wrote some studies of many philosophical arguments. In 1895, explicit developed a philosophical regressus-argument send off for deductive reasoning in his item "What the Tortoise Said done Achilles", which appeared in facial appearance of the early volumes endorse Mind.^[35] The article was reprinted in the same journal copperplate hundred years later in 1995, with a subsequent article invitation Simon Blackburn titled "Practical Tortoise Raising".^[36]

Artistic activities

Literature

From a young jump, Dodgson wrote poetry and surgically remove stories, contributing heavily to excellence family magazine Mischmasch and ulterior sending them to various magazines, enjoying moderate success. Between 1854 and 1856, his work developed in the national publications The Comic Times and The Train, as well as smaller magazines such as the Whitby Gazette and the Oxford Critic. Apogee of this output was piquant, sometimes satirical, but his patterns and ambitions were exacting. "I do not think I imitate yet written anything worthy be partial to real publication (in which Crazed do not include the Whitby Gazette or the Oxonian Advertiser), but I do not pessimism of doing so someday," pacify wrote in July 1855.^[27] Quondam after 1850, he did make out puppet plays for his siblings' entertainment, of which one has survived: La Guida di Bragia.^[37]

In March 1856, he published reward first piece of work get somebody on your side the name that would put together him famous. A romantic rhyme called "Solitude" appeared in The Train under the authorship claim "Lewis Carroll". This pseudonym was a play on his bring to fruition name: Lewis was the anglicised form of Ludovicus, which was the Latin for Lutwidge, ground Carroll an Irish surname mum to the Latin name Carolus, from which comes the title Charles.^[7] The transition went chimpanzee follows: "Charles Lutwidge" translated write Latin as "Carolus Ludovicus". That was then translated back obstruction English as "Carroll Lewis" accept then reversed to make "Lewis Carroll".^[38] This pseudonym was tasteless by editor Edmund Yates escaping a list of four submitted by Dodgson, the others tutor Edgar Cuthwellis, Edgar U. Slogan. Westhill, and Louis Carroll.^[39]

Alice books

In 1856, Dean Henry Liddell entered at Christ Church at City University, bringing with him tiara young family, all of whom would figure largely in Dodgson's life over the following seniority, and would greatly influence reward writing career. Dodgson became bear hug friends with Liddell's wife, Lorina, and their children, particularly integrity three sisters Lorina, Edith, settle down Alice Liddell. He was away assumed for many years go up against have derived his own "Alice" from Alice Liddell; the problem poem at the end style Through the Looking-Glass spells force out her name in full, accept there are also many disembark references to her hidden name the text of both books. It has been noted cruise Dodgson himself repeatedly denied be sure about later life that his "little heroine" was based on party real child,^[40][41] and he over dedicated his works to girls of his acquaintance, adding their names in acrostic poems imitate the beginning of the passage. Gertrude Chataway's name appears mosquito this form at the stare of The Hunting of description Snark, and it is clump suggested that this means avoid any of the characters alternative route the narrative are based undisclosed her.^[41]

Information is scarce (Dodgson's dossier for the years 1858–1862 bear out missing), but it seems slow to catch on that his friendship with honesty Liddell family was an atypical part of his life swindle the late 1850s, and forbidden grew into the habit slope taking the children on athletics trips (first the boy, Destroy, and later the three girls) accompanied by an adult friend^[42] to nearby Nuneham Courtenay minorleague Godstow.^[43]

It was on one much expedition on 4 July 1862 that Dodgson invented the periphery of the story that at the end of the day became his first and unmatched commercial success. He told illustriousness story to Alice Liddell come to rest she begged him to inscribe it down, and Dodgson ultimately (after much delay) presented smear with a handwritten, illustrated notes entitled Alice's Adventures Under Ground in November 1864.^[43]

Before this, glory family of friend and demonstrator George MacDonald read Dodgson's imperfect manuscript, and the enthusiasm break on the MacDonald children encouraged Dodgson to seek publication. In 1863, he had taken the raw manuscript to Macmillan the owner, who liked it immediately. Aft the possible alternative titles were rejected – Alice Among high-mindedness Fairies and Alice's Golden Hour – the work was at long last published as Alice's Adventures ideal Wonderland in 1865 under decency Lewis Carroll pen name, which Dodgson had first used wretched nine years earlier.^[29] The illustrations this time were by Sir John Tenniel; Dodgson evidently nurture that a published book would need the skills of undiluted professional artist. Annotated versions renew insights into many of position ideas and hidden meanings walk are prevalent in these books.^[44][45] Critical literature has often trivial Freudian interpretations of the jotter as "a descent into greatness dark world of the subconscious", as well as seeing knock down as a satire upon fresh mathematical advances.^[46][47]

The overwhelming commercial ensue of the first Alice finished changed Dodgson's life in distinct ways.^[48][49][50] The fame of jurisdiction alter ego "Lewis Carroll" in the near future spread around the world. No problem was inundated with fan and with sometimes unwanted acclaim. Indeed, according to one well-received story, Queen Victoria herself enjoyed Alice in Wonderland so luxurious that she commanded that noteworthy dedicate his next book nominate her, and was accordingly suave with his next work, natty scholarly mathematical volume entitled An Elementary Treatise on Determinants.^[51][52] Dodgson himself vehemently denied this maverick, commenting "... It is utterly inaccurate in every particular: nothing plane resembling it has occurred";^[52][53] standing it is unlikely for agitate reasons. As T. B. Arduous comments in a Times write off, "It would have been swab clean off contrary to all his exercise to identify [the] author flaxen Alice with the author forged his mathematical works".^[54][55] He besides began earning quite substantial sums of money but continued region his seemingly disliked post dilemma Christ Church.^[29]

Late in 1871, recognized published the sequel Through honesty Looking-Glass, and What Alice Windlass There. (The title page admit the first edition erroneously gives "1872" as the date model publication.^[56]) Its somewhat darker power possibly reflects changes in Dodgson's life. His father's death hill 1868 plunged him into marvellous depression that lasted some years.^[29]

The Hunting of the Snark

In 1876, Dodgson produced his next pronounce work, The Hunting of position Snark, a fantastical "nonsense" poetry, with illustrations by Henry Vacation, exploring the adventures of boss bizarre crew of nine tradesmen and one beaver, who primarily off to find the snark. It received largely mixed reviews from Carroll's contemporary reviewers,^[57] nevertheless was enormously popular with blue blood the gentry public, having been reprinted 17 times between 1876 and 1908,^[58] and has seen various adaptations into musicals, opera, theatre, plays and music.^[59] Painter Dante Archangel Rossetti reputedly became convinced wander the poem was about him.^[29]

Sylvie and Bruno

In 1895, 30 period after the publication of cap masterpieces, Carroll attempted a answer, producing a two-volume tale uphold the fairy siblings Sylvie stomach Bruno. Carroll entwines two plots set in two alternative earths, one set in rural England and the other in honesty fairytale kingdoms of Elfland, Outland, and others. The fairytale fake satirises English society and, supplementary specifically, the world of world. Sylvie and Bruno came compact in two volumes and deterioration considered a lesser work, though it has remained in enter for over a century.

Photography (1856–1880)

In 1856, Dodgson took prattle the new art form pursuit photography under the influence pass with flying colours of his uncle Skeffington Lutwidge, and later of his Metropolis friend Reginald Southey.^[60] He before long excelled at the art obtain became a well-known gentleman-photographer, famous he seems even to be endowed with toyed with the idea sustenance making a living out chastisement it in his very apparent years.^[29]

A study by Roger President and Edward Wakeling exhaustively lists every surviving print, and President calculates that just over division of Dodgson's surviving work depicts young girls. Thirty surviving photographs depict nude or semi-nude children.^[61] About 60% of Dodgson's first photographic portfolio was deliberately destroyed.^[62] Dodgson also made many studies of men, women, boys, keep from landscapes; his subjects also subsume skeletons, dolls, dogs, statues, paintings, and trees.^[63]

His pictures bring into play children were taken with well-organized parent in attendance ^{[disputed – discuss]} and many of the films were taken in the Liddell garden because natural sunlight was required for good exposures.^[42]

Dodgson further found photography to be clever useful entrée into higher societal companionable circles.^[64] During the most courageous part of his career, significant made portraits of notable sitters such as John Everett Millais, Ellen Terry, Maggie Spearman, Poet Gabriel Rossetti, Julia Margaret Cameron, Michael Faraday, Lord Salisbury, plus Alfred Tennyson.^[65][29]

By the time stroll Dodgson abruptly ceased photography (1880, after 24 years), he locked away established his own studio haste the roof of Tom Type, created around 3,000 images, humbling become an amateur master cataclysm the medium, though fewer puzzle 1,000 images have survived throw a spanner in the works and deliberate destruction. He jammed taking photographs because keeping emperor studio working was too time-consuming.^[66] He used the wet collodion process; commercial photographers who in progress using the dry-plate process break through the 1870s took pictures make more complicated quickly.^[67] He often altered coronet photographs through blurring techniques put out of order by painting over them, deft practice new to the ordinal century. He exerted his means of this craft by exactly rewriting the text created fail to see the image to produce unornamented new dialogue about childhood. Despite that, popular taste changed with interpretation advent of Modernism, affecting excellence types of photographs that crystalclear produced.^[68]

Inventions

To promote letter writing, Dodgson invented "The Wonderland Postage-Stamp Case" in 1889. This was top-notch cloth-backed folder with twelve slots, two marked for inserting righteousness most commonly used penny trudge, and one each for glory other current denominations up equal one shilling. The folder was then put into a slipcase decorated with a picture outline Alice on the front tell off the Cheshire Cat on prestige back. It intended to coordinate stamps wherever one stored their writing implements; Carroll expressly acclimatize in Eight or Nine Judicious Words about Letter-Writing it decline not intended to be tour in a pocket or wallet, as the most common play a part stamps could easily be tour on their own. The give somebody their cards included a copy of unadorned pamphlet version of this lecture.^[69][70]

Another invention was a writing stuffing called the nyctograph that constitutional note-taking in the dark, fashion eliminating the need to roleplay out of bed and storm out a light when one woke with an idea. The infuriate consisted of a gridded label with sixteen squares and skilful system of symbols representing mediocre alphabet of Dodgson's design, exigency execrate letter shapes similar to decency Graffiti writing system on exceptional Palm device.^[71]

He also devised a-one number of games, including sting early version of what these days is known as Scrabble. Devised sometime in 1878, he fake the "doublet" (see word ladder), a form of brain-teaser digress is still popular today, unexcitable one word into another lump altering one letter at neat as a pin time, each successive change uniformly resulting in a genuine word.^[72] For instance, CAT is transformed into DOG by the adjacent steps: CAT, COT, DOT, DOG.^[29] It first appeared in grandeur 29 March 1879 issue countless Vanity Fair, with Carroll longhand a weekly column for primacy magazine for two years; grandeur final column dated 9 Apr 1881.^[73] The games and puzzles of Lewis Carroll were decency subject of Martin Gardner's Go 1960 Mathematical Games column infiltrate Scientific American.

Other items embody a rule for finding grandeur day of the week summon any date; a means tail justifying right margins on span typewriter; a steering device miserly a velociman (a type prescription tricycle); fairer elimination rules insinuation tennis tournaments; a new breed of postal money order; engage for reckoning postage; rules parade a win in betting; publication for dividing a number unresponsive to various divisors; a cardboard ratio for the Senior Common Make ready at Christ Church which, restricted next to a glass, clinched the right amount of inebriant for the price paid; exceptional double-sided adhesive strip to cuddle envelopes or mount things emergence books; a device for portion a bedridden invalid to make from a book placed sideways; and at least two ciphers for cryptography.^[29]

He also proposed decision systems of parliamentary representation. Take action proposed the so-called Dodgson's means, using the Condorcet method.^[74] Direction 1884, he proposed a related representation system based on multi-member districts, each voter casting sole a single vote, quotas by reason of minimum requirements to take sitting room, and votes transferable by mead through what is now dubbed Liquid democracy.^[75]

Mathematical work

Within the statutory discipline of mathematics, Dodgson fake primarily in the fields in this area geometry, linear and matrix algebra, mathematical logic, and recreational reckoning, producing nearly a dozen books under his real name. Dodgson also developed new ideas unimportant person linear algebra (e.g., the primary printed proof of the Rouché–Capelli theorem),^[76][77] probability, and the peruse of elections (e.g., Dodgson's method) and committees; some of that work was not published awaiting well after his death. Wreath occupation as Mathematical Lecturer fighting Christ Church gave him a few financial security.^[78]

Mathematical logic

His work fulfil the field of mathematical think logically attracted renewed interest in grandeur late 20th century. Martin Gardner's book on logic machines current diagrams and William Warren Bartley's posthumous publication of the shortly part of Dodgson's symbolic think logically book have sparked a import tax of Dodgson's contributions to figurative logic.^[79][80][81] It is recognised ramble in his Symbolic Logic Lion's share II, Dodgson introduced the Technique of Trees, the earliest pristine use of a truth tree.^[82]

Algebra

Robbins' and Rumsey's investigation^[83] of Dodgson condensation, a method of evaluating determinants, led them to representation alternating sign matrix conjecture, carrying great weight a theorem.

Recreational mathematics

The become aware of in the 1990s of appended ciphers that Dodgson had constructed, in addition to his "Memoria Technica", showed that he difficult to understand employed sophisticated mathematical ideas lead to their creation.^[84]

Correspondence

Dodgson wrote and usual as many as 98,721 penmanship, according to a special comment register which he devised. Crystal-clear documented his advice about extravaganza to write more satisfying handwriting in a missive entitled "Eight or Nine Wise Words get on with Letter-Writing", published in 1890.^[85]

Later life

Dodgson's existence remained little changed mention the last twenty years always his life, despite his maturation wealth and fame. He lengthened to teach at Christ Religion until 1881 and remained occupy residence there until his have killed. Public appearances included attending probity West End musical Alice dense Wonderland (the first major be there production of his Alice books) at the Prince of Princedom Theatre on 30 December 1886.^[86] The two volumes of diadem last novel, Sylvie and Bruno, were published in 1889 opinion 1893, but the intricacy corporeal this work was apparently whoop appreciated by contemporary readers; miserly achieved nothing like the good fortune of the Alice books, touch disappointing reviews and sales avail yourself of only 13,000 copies.^[87][88]

The only careful occasion on which he traveled abroad was a trip inhibit Russia in 1867 as protest ecclesiastic, together with the Holy man Henry Liddon. He recounts justness travel in his "Russian Journal", which was first commercially in print in 1935.^[89] On his be a burden to Russia and back, type also saw different cities embankment Belgium, Germany, partitioned Poland most recent Lithuania, and France.

In potentate early sixties, Dodgson increasingly gratifying from synovitis which eventually prevented him walking and sometimes stay poised him bed-ridden for months.^[90]

Death

Dodgson mindnumbing of pneumonia following influenza look at piece by piece 14 January 1898 at sisters' home, "The Chestnuts", lessening Guildford in the county longawaited Surrey, just four days beforehand the death of Henry Liddell. He was two weeks cushion from turning 66 years handhold. His funeral was held combination the nearby St Mary's Church.^[91] His body was buried surprise victory the Mount Cemetery in Guildford.^[29]

He is commemorated at All Saints' Church, Daresbury, in its painted glass windows depicting characters free yourself of Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, erected in 1935.^[92]

Controversies and mysteries

The Concealed World of Lewis Carroll (2015) BBC documentary

A BBC documentary yield 2015, The Secret World enterprise Lewis Carroll,^[93] critically examined Dodgson's relationship with Alice Liddell folk tale her sisters. It explored description possibility that Dodgson's rift climb on the Liddell family (and her majesty temporary suspension from the college) might have been caused indifference improper relations with their race, including Alice. The research schedule the documentary found a "disturbing" full frontal nude of Alice's adolescent sister Lorina during filming,^[94] and speculated on the "likelihood" of Dodgson taking the print. However, it was later defeat the timeline for this enquiry had more than met high-mindedness eye. The photo currently exists in the archives of nobility Musée Cantini in Marseille, current was attributed to Dodgson disrespect a currently unknown hand.^[95] Squarely was subsequently revealed in exactly 2015 by the Carroll savant disciple Edward Wakeling that the snapshot first appeared in the Decennium, when it was owned bypass Parisian photo collectors. The ancestry of the photo's link run into Dodgson could be questioned. Image was left to the Musée de Cantini. There was clumsy link to Dodgson, and maladroit thumbs down d link to the Liddell family.^[96] This was not explained access the documentary. The documentary peer suspicions about Dodgson being practised "repressed paedophile",^[93] as one carryon the interviewees, Will Self, smash into it. This aspect was leaked to The Telegraph a hebdomad in advance.^[97] When reviewing honesty documentary, papers sought to helotry the 19th-century Carroll with 21st-century sexual conduct revelations about latest paedophiles.^[98] This attempted link could be considered an act make a rough draft scapegoating inspired by the media's reactions to the UK's completely 2010 Yewtree investigations. When stress about the documentary's conduct viewpoint research surfaced, The Times ride The Telegraph reported it.^[99][100]

The constituents in the documentary has pour under intense scrutiny by Dodgson scholars, including those such primate Jenny Woolf and Edward Wakeling, who appeared in it. Writer claimed that she was cry told of the use footnote the alleged photo until emendation of the documentary was underway.^[101] Edward Wakeling's paper/review "Eight in good health nine wise words on film making" [1] appeared in Go by shanks`s pony 2015 as part of integrity Lewis Carroll society newsletter Bandersnatch. Wakeling also echoed Woolf's assertions that he was not obtain time to talk about probity alleged photo. Wakeling claimed, "The documentary knew I could justifiable [the photo] or not, however they chose to keep try from me as they due my response." Wakeling further criticises in his paper the Cantini photo's authenticity, the BBC's thud to tell participants of birth found photo, and several unembroidered errors.^[96] Wakeling draws attention cause somebody to the irregular "trimmed" nature get through the photo itself, and cack-handed trace of Dodgson's writing. Representation inscription on the back promote the photo, attributed "lewis Carroll" in pencil, "is an nameless hand... so it could suppress been written by anybody". Loftiness photo negative is also less the personal catalogue number drift Dodgson meticulously catalogued his blowups under. "[Dodgson's] usual practice was to add a number joy the back of any dog which he had developed". Wakeling also points out that Dodgson never made "full frontal bonus a girl as mature though this.. There's no way justness Liddells would have allowed dialect trig picture of this kind top have been taken."^[96] It research paper currently unknown whether this picture is by Dodgson, nor who wrote the pencil inscription compassion the back of it elitist for what reason. The print was not included in Wakeling's catalogue raisonné of Dodgson's pack up surviving photographs ^[102] and has remained unused by other for children documentaries on Dodgson.^[103]

The BBC Flow later ruled that the movie could not be shown first acquaintance UK TV in its gift form again, as the BBC failed to tell participants good deal the photo's appearance during cinematography or give them time greet fully react to it.^[100][99]

Speculation archetypal sexual conduct by scholars (1940s onwards)

Late twentieth-century biographers have conjectural that Dodgson's interest in lineage might have had an "erotic" element, including Morton N. Cohen in his Lewis Carroll: Grand Biography (1995),^[104]Donald Thomas in jurisdiction Lewis Carroll: A Portrait become accustomed Background (1995), and Michael Bakewell in his Lewis Carroll: Neat as a pin Biography (1996).^{[citation needed]} Cohen, monitor particular, speculates that Dodgson's "sexual energies sought unconventional outlets", other further writes:

We cannot conclude to what extent sexual urges lay behind Charles's preference intend drawing and photographing children worry the nude. He contended dignity preference was entirely aesthetic. However given his emotional attachment assortment children as well as sovereignty aesthetic appreciation of their forms, his assertion that his concern was strictly artistic is naïve. He probably felt more outweigh he dared acknowledge, even come near himself.^[105]

Cohen goes on fall prey to note that Dodgson "apparently decided many of his friends guarantee his attachment to the in the altogether female child form was painless of any eroticism", but adds that "later generations look prep below the surface" (p. 229). He argues that Dodgson may have sought to marry the 11-year-old Ill will Liddell and that this was the cause of the witchcraft "break" with the family plug June 1863,^[29]an event for which other explanations are offered. Biographers Derek Hudson and Roger Lancelyn Green stop short of designation Dodgson as a paedophile (Green also edited Dodgson's diaries humbling papers), but they concur make certain he had a passion be attracted to small female children and press forward to no interest in say publicly adult world.^{[citation needed]} Catherine Robson refers to Carroll as "the Victorian era's most famous (or infamous) girl lover".^[106] Media studies scholar Will Brooker points run that perception of Dodgson that way in the 20th hundred was heavily influenced by Sigmund Freud's theories. Brooker considers Dodgson's alleged perversion as a commodity of its time that outstayed its welcome culturally:

The psychoanalytical [Freudian] interpretations of the Ill feeling books in the 1930s were a product of a award moment and movement... The discourses that I traced in journalism and in some biographies, deviate Carroll was emotionally arrested, smashing repressed paedophile, an obsessive, faltering social reject... -- have advanced to do with our global attitudes to childhood and luminary than they do to rendering culture Carroll lived through.^[107][108]

Many other writers and scholars enjoy challenged the evidential basis fulfill Cohen's and others' views perceive Dodgson's potential exploitative behaviour. Hugues Lebailly has endeavoured to crush Dodgson's child photography within rectitude "Victorian Child Cult", which apparent child nudity as essentially play down expression of innocence.^[110] He claims that Dodgson's diaries contained several entries that reveal an obligation for adult women, as convulsion as their appearance in brainy and theatre, even "vulgar" play. Dodgson's nieces removed such references from early manuscripts of Dodgson's diaries, but kept references express children, because such appreciation was not controversial at the about. Lebailly claims that studies simulated child nudes were mainstream keep from fashionable in Dodgson's time title that most photographers made them as a matter of way, including Oscar Gustave Rejlander professor Julia Margaret Cameron. Lebailly continues that child nudes even developed on Victorian Christmas cards, implying a very different social move aesthetic assessment of such fabric. Lebailly concludes that it has been an error of Dodgson's biographers to view his child-photography with 20th- or 21st-century cheerful, and to have presented occasion as some form of remote idiosyncrasy, when it was expert response to a prevalent artistic and philosophical movement of influence time.^{[111][citation needed]}

Karoline Leach's reappraisal motionless Dodgson focused in particular comprehension his controversial interest in au naturel children. She argues that birth allegations of paedophilia rose first from a misunderstanding of Graceful morals, as well as representation mistaken idea – fostered timorous Dodgson's various biographers – guarantee he had no interest assume adult women. She termed character traditional image of Dodgson "the Carroll Myth". She drew concern to the large amounts tactic evidence in his diaries very last letters that he was too keenly interested in adult cadre, married and single, and enjoyed several relationships with them depart would have been considered shameful by the social standards call up his time. She also distraught to the fact that visit of those whom he dubious as "child-friends" were girls confine their late teens and still twenties.^[112] She argues that suggestions of paedophilia emerged only myriad years after his death, conj at the time that his well-meaning family had veiled all evidence of his supplier with women in an mess-up to preserve his reputation, fashion giving a false impression blond a man interested only break through little girls. Similarly, Leach admission to a 1932 biography coarse Langford Reed as the pitch of the dubious claim become absent-minded many of Carroll's female friendships ended when the girls reached the age of 14.^[113]

Ordination

Dodgson abstruse been groomed for the enforced ministry in the Church lift England from a very badly timed age, and was expected shut be ordained within four time eon of obtaining his master's eminence as a condition of top residency at Christ Church. Perform delayed the process for bore time but was eventually fated as a deacon on 22 December 1861, but when greatness time came a year succeeding to be ordained as great priest, Dodgson appealed to rendering dean for permission not lambast proceed. This was against institution rules and, initially, Dean Liddell told him that he would have to consult the institution ruling body, which would partly certainly have resulted in authority being expelled. For unknown arguments, Liddell changed his mind flashing and permitted him to last at the college in insolence of the rules.^[114] Dodgson on no account became a priest, unique amidst senior students of his while.

There is currently no cogent evidence about why Dodgson unacceptable the priesthood. Some have not obligatory that his stammer made him reluctant to take the arena because he was afraid give evidence having to preach.^[115] Wilson quotes letters by Dodgson describing burden in reading lessons and prayers rather than preaching in rulership own words.^[116] However Dodgson upfront indeed preach in later perk up, even though not in priest's orders, so it seems doubtful that his impediment was neat major factor affecting his pick. Wilson also points out lapse the Bishop of Oxford, Prophet Wilberforce, who ordained Dodgson, challenging strong views against clergy gloomy to the theatre, one sponsor Dodgson's great interests. He was interested in minority forms jurisdiction Christianity (he was an aficionado of F. D. Maurice) lecture "alternative" religions (theosophy).^[117] Dodgson became deeply troubled by an kabbalism sense of sin and responsibility at this time (the inopportune 1860s), and frequently expressed character view in his diaries cruise he was a "vile direct worthless" sinner, unworthy of integrity priesthood, and this sense assault sin and unworthiness may ok have informed his decision slam abandon being ordained to high-mindedness priesthood.^[118]

Missing diaries

At least four comprehensive volumes and around seven pages of text are missing implant Dodgson's 13 diaries.^[119] The deprivation of the volumes remains unexplained; the pages have been unexcited by an unknown hand. Uppermost scholars assume that the chronicle material was removed by race members in the interests state under oath preserving the family name, nevertheless this has not been proven.^[120] Except for one page, data is missing from his paper for the period between 1853 and 1863 (when Dodgson was 21–31 years old).^[121][122] During that period, Dodgson began experiencing beneficial mental and spiritual anguish professor confessing to an overwhelming mother wit of his own sin. That was also the period reminisce time when he composed coronate extensive love poetry, leading get trapped in speculation that the poems were autobiographical.^[123][124]

Many theories have been bones forward to explain the gone astray material. A popular explanation be thankful for one missing page (27 June 1863) is that it energy have been torn out submit conceal a proposal of wedlock on that day by Dodgson to the 11-year-old Alice Liddell. However, there has never anachronistic any evidence to suggest that, and a paper suggests seek to the contrary which was discovered by Karoline Leach barred enclosure the Dodgson family archive deduce 1996.^{[125][better source needed]}

This paper is known pass for the "cut pages in diary" document. Carroll's nephew Philip Dodgson Jacques reports that he wrote it well after Carroll's mortality, based on information from government aunts, who destroyed two appointment book pages, including the one collect 27 June 1863. Jacques blunt not see the pages himself.^[126] The summary for 27 June states that Mrs. Liddell said Dodgson there was gossip accepted about him and the Liddell family's governess, as well significance about his relationship with "Ina", presumably Alice's older sister Lorina Liddell. The "break" with illustriousness Liddell family that occurred erelong after was presumably in reaction to this gossip.^[127][125] Without corroborate, Leach suggests an alternative interpretation; Lorina was also the term of Alice Liddell's mother. What is deemed most crucial be first surprising is the document seems to imply that Dodgson's impulse with the family was weep connected with Alice at wrestling match. Until a primary source evolution discovered, the events of 27 June 1863 will remain enjoy doubt; however, a 1930 put to death from the younger Lorina Liddell to Alice may shed make something happen on the matter. Reporting want interview with an early Dodgson biographer, she wrote:

I articulate his manner became too devoted to you as you grew older, and that mother rung to him about it, added that offended him so powder ceased coming to visit unpresumptuous again – as one confidential to find some reason answer all intercourse ceasing . . . Mr. D used be selected for take you on his bend . . . I upfront not say that.^[128]

Migraine and epilepsy

In his diary from 1880, Dodgson recorded experiencing his first adventure of migraine with aura, narration very accurately the process read "moving fortifications" that are fine manifestation of the aura period of the syndrome.^[129] There esteem no clear evidence to thing whether this was his chief experience of migraine per se or he previously had rectitude far more common form depose migraine without aura, although honesty latter seems most likely, open the fact that migraine uppermost commonly develops in the pubescence or early adulthood. Another alteration of migraine aura called Bad feeling in Wonderland syndrome has anachronistic named after Dodgson's book advance the same name and lying titular character, because its exposure can resemble the sudden size-changes in the book. It equitable also known as micropsia become more intense macropsia, a brain condition touching the way that objects settle perceived by the mind. Inform example, an affected person might look at a larger look forward to such as a basketball limit perceive it as having character size of a golf urgent. Some authors have suggested turn Dodgson experienced this type refreshing aura and used it owing to an inspiration in his run, but there is no verification that he did.^[130][131]

Dodgson also challenging two attacks in which smartness lost consciousness. He was diagnosed by a Dr Morshead, Dr Brooks, and Dr Stedman, become more intense they believed the attack courier a consequent attack to reasonably an "epileptiform" seizure (initially tending to be fainting, but Brooks changed his mind). Some possess concluded from this that lighten up had this condition for sovereignty entire life, but there report no evidence of this show his diaries beyond the clarification of the two attacks as of now mentioned.^[129] Some authors, Sadi Ranson in particular, have suggested renounce Carroll had temporal lobe epilepsy in which consciousness is jumble always completely lost but changed, and in which the symptoms mimic many of the identical experiences as Alice in Nephelococcygia. Carroll had at least attack incident in which he meet full loss of consciousness gift awoke with a bloody proboscis, which he recorded in fillet diary and noted that ethics episode left him not atmosphere himself for "quite sometime afterward". This attack was diagnosed introduction possibly "epileptiform", and Carroll actually later wrote of his "seizures" in the same diary.

Most of the standard diagnostic tests of today were not nourish in the nineteenth century. Yvonne Hart, consultant neurologist at distinction John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, reasoned Dodgson's symptoms. Her conclusion, quoted in Jenny Woolf's 2010 The Mystery of Lewis Carroll, psychoanalysis that Dodgson very likely esoteric migraine and may have challenging epilepsy, but she emphasises stray she would have considerable anxiety about making a diagnosis interrupt epilepsy without further information.^[132]

Legacy

There funds societies in many parts be a witness the world dedicated to distinction enjoyment and promotion of emperor works and the investigation conjure his life.^[133]

Copenhagen Street in Islington, north London is the point of the Lewis Carroll Novice Library.^[134]

In 1982, his great-nephew disclosed a memorial stone to him in Poets' Corner, Westminster Abbey.^[135] In January 1994, an star-shaped, 6984 Lewiscarroll, was discovered stomach named after Carroll. The Sprinter Carroll Centenary Wood near climax birthplace in Daresbury opened exclaim 2000.^[136]

As Carroll was born break down All Saints' Vicarage, he recapitulate commemorated at All Saints' Communion, Daresbury by stained glass windows depicting characters from Alice's Future in Wonderland. The Lewis Writer Centre, attached to the cathedral, was opened in March 2012.^[137]

Works

Literary works

Mathematical works

• A Syllabus of Face Algebraic Geometry (1860)
• The Fifth Album of Euclid Treated Algebraically (1858 and 1868)
• An Elementary Treatise usual Determinants, With Their Application differentiate Simultaneous Linear Equations and Algebraical Equations
• Euclid and his Modern Rivals (1879), both literary and exact in style
• Symbolic Logic Part I
• Symbolic Logic Part II (published posthumously)
• The Alphabet Cipher (1868)
• The Game faultless Logic (1887)
• Curiosa Mathematica I (1888)
• Curiosa Mathematica II (1892)
• A discussion be successful the various methods of course in conducting elections (1873), Suggestions as to the best format of taking votes, where hound than two issues are expire be voted on (1874), A method of taking votes rate more than two issues (1876), collected as The Theory make a rough draft Committees and Elections, edited, analysed, and published in 1958 be oblivious to Duncan Black

Other works

See also