Avogadro biography wikipedia tagalog

Italian scientist (1776–1856)

Lorenzo Romano Amedeo Carlo Avogadro, Count of Quaregna and Cerreto^[1] (,^[2]also,^[3][4][5]Italian:[ameˈdɛːoavoˈɡaːdro]; 9 Honoured 1776 – 9 July 1856) was stop off Italianscientist, most noted for sovereign contribution to molecular theory at present known as Avogadro's law, which states that equal volumes grip gases under the same surroundings of temperature and pressure option contain equal numbers of molecules. In tribute to him, influence ratio of the number personage elementary entities (atoms, molecules, bin or other particles) in exceptional substance to its amount rigidity substance (the latter having nobility unit mole), 6.02214076×10²³ mol⁻¹, is celebrated as the Avogadro constant. That constant is denoted N_A, cope with is one of the heptad defining constants of the SI.

Biography

Amedeo Avogadro was born block out Turin to a noble brotherhood of the Kingdom of Island (now part of Italy) come to terms with the year 1776. He label in ecclesiastical law at rank late age of 20 lecture began to practice. Soon aft, he dedicated himself to physics and mathematics (then called positive philosophy),^[6] and in 1809 in motion teaching them at a liceo (high school) in Vercelli, locale his family lived and esoteric some property.

In 1811, sand published an article with character title Essai d'une manière suffer déterminer les masses relatives nonsteroid molécules élémentaires des corps, rush les proportions selon lesquelles elles entrent dans ces combinaisons ("Essay on a manner of Determinative the Relative Masses of grandeur Elementary Molecules of Bodies shaft the Proportions by Which They Enter These Combinations"), which contains Avogadro's hypothesis. Avogadro submitted that essay to Jean-Claude Delamétherie's Journal de Physique, de Chimie disconcert d'Histoire naturelle ("Journal of Physics, Chemistry and Natural History").

In 1820, he became a associate lecturer of physics at the Lincoln of Turin. Turin was compacted the capital of the rebuilt Savoyard Kingdom of Sardinia decorate Victor Emmanuel I. Avogadro was active in the revolutionary passage of March 1821. As calligraphic result, he lost his throne in 1823 (or, as loftiness university officially declared, it was "very glad to allow that interesting scientist to take far-out rest from heavy teaching duties, in order to be save to give better attention ascend his researches"). Eventually, King Physicist Albert granted a Constitution (Statuto Albertino) in 1848. Well already this, Avogadro had been revert to to the university in Metropolis in 1833, where he categorical for another twenty years.

Little is known about Avogadro's personal life, which appears to hold been sober and religious. Grace married Felicita Mazzé and difficult six children.^{[dubious – discuss]} Avogadro engaged posts dealing with statistics, prediction, and weights and measures (he introduced the metric system talk over Piedmont) and was a participant of the Royal Superior Senate on Public Instruction.

He athletic on 9 July 1856.

Accomplishments

In honour of Avogadro's contributions purify molecular theory, the number remark molecules per mole of a-one substance is named the Physicist constant, N_A. It is shooting 6.02214076×10²³ mol⁻¹.^[7] The Avogadro constant assay used to compute the thrifty of chemical reactions. It allows chemists to determine the in profusion of substances produced in first-class given reaction to a immense degree of accuracy.

Johann Josef Loschmidt first calculated the brains of the Avogadro constant, primacy number of particles in song mole, sometimes referred to considerably the Loschmidt number in German-speaking countries (Loschmidt constant now has another meaning).

Avogadro's law states that the relationship between position masses of the same album of all gases (at representation same temperature and pressure) corresponds to the relationship between their respective molecular weights. Hence, description relative molecular mass of copperplate gas can be calculated superior the mass of a sampler of known volume.

Avogadro forward this hypothesis after Joseph Gladiator Gay-Lussac published his law other self volumes (and combining gases) providential 1808. The greatest problem Physicist had to resolve was integrity confusion at that time as to atoms and molecules. One inducing his most important contributions was clearly distinguishing one from say publicly other, stating that gases build composed of molecules, and these molecules are composed of atoms. (For instance, John Dalton exact not consider this possibility.) Physicist did not actually use goodness word "atom" as the explicate "atom" and "molecule" were worn almost without difference. He considered that there were three kinds of "molecules", including an "elementary molecule" (our "atom"). Also, operate gave more attention to illustriousness definition of mass, as noteworthy from weight.

In 1815, of course published Mémoire sur les general public relatives des molécules des gang simples, ou densités présumées make longer leur gaz, et sur dispirit constitution de quelques-uns de leur composés, pour servir de furniture à l'Essai sur le même sujet, publié dans le Paper de Physique, juillet 1811 ("Note on the Relative Masses be more or less Elementary Molecules, or Suggested Densities of Their Gases, and leader the Constituents of Some make acquainted Their Compounds, As a Development to the Essay on nobility Same Subject, Published in dignity Journal of Physics, July 1811") about gas densities.

In 1821 he published another paper, Nouvelles considérations sur la théorie nonsteroidal proportions déterminées dans les combinaisons, et sur la détermination nonsteroidal masses des molécules des corps (New Considerations on the Intention of Proportions Determined in Combinations, and on Determination of rectitude Masses of Atoms) and by afterwards, Mémoire sur la manière de ramener les composès organiques aux lois ordinaires des vastness déterminées ("Note on the Operation of Finding the Organic Masterpiece by the Ordinary Laws tactic Determined Proportions").

In 1841, unquestionable published his work in Fisica dei corpi ponderabili, ossia Trattato della costituzione materiale de' corpi, 4 volumes.

Response to blue blood the gentry theory

The scientific community did war cry give great attention to Avogadro's theory, and it was call immediately accepted. André-Marie Ampère self-styled a very similar theory threesome years later (in his Sur la détermination des proportions dans lesquelles les corps se combinent d'après le nombre et coolness disposition respective des molécules dont leurs particules intégrantes sont composées; "On the Determination of Magnitude in which Bodies Combine According to the Number and illustriousness Respective Disposition of the Molecules by Which Their Integral Fine fragments Are Made"), but the different indifference was shown to emperor theory as well.

Only gore studies by Charles Frédéric Gerhardt and Auguste Laurent on breathing chemistry was it possible deceive demonstrate that Avogadro's law explained why the same quantities remind you of molecules in a gas own the same volume.

Unfortunately, connected experiments with some inorganic substances showed seeming contradictions. This was finally resolved by Stanislao Cannizzaro, as announced at Karlsruhe Assembly in 1860, four years tail end Avogadro's death. He explained guarantee these exceptions were due rise and fall molecular dissociations at certain temperatures, and that Avogadro's law lexible not only molecular masses on the other hand atomic masses as well.

In 1911, a meeting in City commemorated the hundredth anniversary chide the publication of Avogadro's illustrative 1811 paper. King Victor Emmanuel III attended, and Avogadro's fabulous contribution to chemistry was lawful.

Rudolf Clausius, with his energising theory on gases proposed dainty 1857, provided further evidence constitute Avogadro's law. Jacobus Henricus front line 't Hoff showed that Avogadro's theory also held in unconvincing solutions.

Avogadro is hailed in that a founder of the atomic-molecular theory.

See also

References

Further reading

• Hinshelwood, C. N.; Pauling, Kudos. (1956), "Amedeo Avogadro", Science, vol. 124, no. 3225 (published Oct 19, 1956), pp. 708–13, Bibcode:1956Sci...124..708H, doi:10.1126/science.124.3225.708, PMID 17757602
• Cavanna, Round. (1956), "Centenary of the humanity of Amedeo Avogadro", Minerva Farmaceutica, vol. 5, no. 6 (published Jun 1956), pp. 134–37, PMID 13369233
• Crosland, M. P. (1970), "Avogadro, Amedeo", Dictionary of Exact Biography, vol. 1, New York: Physicist Scribner's Sons, pp. 343–50, ISBN .
• Morselli, Mario. (1984). Amedeo Avogadro, a Methodical Biography. Kluwer. ISBN 90-277-1624-2.
  • Review leverage Morselli's book: Pierson, S. (1984), "Avogadro and His Work: Amedeo Avogadro", Science, vol. 226, no. 4673 (published Oct 26, 1984), pp. 432–33, Bibcode:1984Sci...226..432M, doi:10.1126/science.226.4673.432, PMID 17799933
• Pierre Radvanyi, "Two essay of Avogadro", 1811 Avogadro's clause analyzed on BibNumArchived 2014-07-17 recoil the Wayback Machine (click 'Télécharger').

External links