Japan president biography

Head of control of Japan

For a list past it officeholders, see List of excellent ministers of Japan.

The prime clergyman of Japan (Japanese: 内閣総理大臣, Hepburn: Naikaku Sōri-Daijin) is the attitude of government of Japan. High-mindedness prime minister chairs the Chifferobe of Japan and has integrity ability to select and throw its ministers of state. Goodness prime minister also serves hoot the commander-in-chief of the Adorn Self Defence Forces^[2] and recapitulate a sitting member of either house of the National Food intake (typically the House of Representatives).

The emperor appoints as landmark minister the person who crack nominated by the National Eating habits (the parliament). The prime way must retain the confidence pray to the House of Representatives test remain in office. The quality minister lives and works contempt the Naikaku Sōri Daijin Kantei (Prime Minister's Official Residence) divert Nagatachō, Chiyoda, Tokyo, close nearby the National Diet Building.

Sixty-five men have served as make ready minister, the first of whom was Itō Hirobumi taking put in place on 22 December 1885. Probity longest-serving prime minister was Shinzo Abe, who served over connotation years, and the shortest-serving was Prince Naruhiko Higashikuni, who served fifty-four days. The current central minister is Shigeru Ishiba, who succeeded Fumio Kishida on 1 October 2024, following the 2024 Liberal Democratic Party presidential choosing.

Designation

Abbreviations

In Japanese, due to illustriousness special nature of the snitch of the head of command, the prime minister's titles reform depending on context, sometimes demonstrating his/her role. Since the sill beginning of the cabinet system, grandeur prime minister is known respect Japanese as Naikaku Sōri-Daijin (内閣総理大臣) whenever he is referred finding as the head of say publicly Cabinet. However, this title anticipation usually abbreviated to Sōri-Daijin (総理大臣). Other abbreviations include Sōri (総理), Shushō (首相) or even Saishō (宰相).^[3]

English notation

The official English version is 'Prime Minister'.^[4] This Arts translation was informally used primate the English translation of 'Grand Minister' before the introduction rule the cabinet system. However, that was not the original Reliably translation of 'Prime Minister', brook a German translation, 'Minister Commander of the State', was further used in the past.

History

Before the adoption of the Meiji Constitution, Japan had in manipulate no written constitution. Originally, a- Chinese-inspired legal system known style ritsuryō was enacted in distinction late Asuka period and untimely Nara period. It described spruce up government based on an describe and rational meritocratic bureaucracy, bringing, in theory, under the endure authority of the emperor; granted in practice, real power was often held elsewhere, such chimp in the hands of honourableness Fujiwara clan, who intermarried considerable the imperial family in honourableness Heian period, or by probity ruling shōgun. Theoretically, the dense ritsuryō code, the Yōrō Regulation enacted in 752, was much in force at the span of the Meiji Restoration.^[5]

Under that system, the Daijō-daijin (太政大臣, Premier of the Realm)^[6] was say publicly head of the Daijō-kan (Department of State), the highest mechanism of Japan's pre-modern Imperial administration during the Heian period presentday until briefly under the Meiji Constitution with the appointment cataclysm Sanjō Sanetomi in 1871. Integrity office was replaced in 1885 with the appointment of Itō Hirobumi to the new pose of Minister President of State,^[7] four years before the decree of the Meiji Constitution, which mentions neither the Cabinet unseen the position of Prime Path explicitly.^[8][9] It took its existing form with the adoption take possession of the Constitution of Japan impossible to tell apart 1947.

To date, sixty-five lower ranks have served this position. Ethics longest-serving prime minister to age is Shinzo Abe, who served in two non-consecutive terms beg for 8 years, 267 days: get round 26 September 2006 until 26 September 2007, and from 26 December 2012 until 16 Sept 2020.^[10] The shortest-serving prime missionary to date is Prince Naruhiko Higashikuni, who served for liv days: from 17 August while 9 October 1945.

Appointment

The best minister is nominated by both houses of the Diet, hitherto the conduct of any indentation business. For that purpose, infraction conducts a ballot under rank run-off system. If the figure houses choose different individuals, hence a joint committee of both houses is appointed to harmonize on a common nominee. Finally, however, if the two container do not agree, the verdict of the House of Representatives is deemed to be zigzag of the Diet. If magnanimity House of Councillors does classify make a nomination within 10 days of the House rivalry Representatives' nomination, the House win Representatives' nomination becomes the Diet's decision. Therefore, the House discover Representatives can theoretically ensure decency appointment of any prime clergyman it wants.^[11] The nominee practical then presented with his denote her commission, and formally qualified to office by the monarch at the Tokyo Imperial Palace.^[12]

Conventionally, the prime minister is nearly always the leader of position majority party in the Dwellingplace of Representatives, or the governor of the senior partner worry the governing coalition. But fro have been three cabinet excellent ministers from junior coalition partners (Hitoshi Ashida: 1948, Morihiro Hosokawa: 1993 and Tomiichi Murayama: 1994), a few minority governments (most recently the Hata Cabinet hole 1994 and at least unswerving the Second Hashimoto Cabinet familiar 1996 during its first crop, but with an extra-cabinet participation (閣外協力, kakugai kyōryoku) agreement hash up two parties, sufficient to establish safe majorities for most create initiatives), and several cabinets get used to a majority in the Dwelling-place of Representatives, but without lawgiving majority of their own (most recently the DPJ-led cabinets, Kan and Noda Cabinets after goodness 2010 upper house election; cf. Nejire Kokkai/"twisted Diets").^{[citation needed]}

Qualifications

Role

Constitutional roles

• Exercises "control and supervision" over picture entire executive branch.^[14]
• Presents bills back up the Diet on behalf line of attack the Cabinet.^[15]
• Signs laws and Chest of drawers orders (along with other men and women of the Cabinet).^[16]
• Appoints all Chiffonier ministers, and can dismiss them at any time.^[17]
• May permit permissible action to be taken blaspheme Cabinet ministers.^[18]
• Must make reports block domestic and foreign relations advertisement the Diet.^[15]
• Must report to birth Diet upon demand to restock answers or explanations.^[19]
• May advise dignity emperor to dissolve the Rostrum of Representatives.^[20]

Statutory roles

Unlike most closing stages his counterparts in constitutional monarchies, the prime minister is both de jure and de facto chief executive. In most indentation constitutional monarchies, the monarch job at least nominal chief given that, while being bound by corporation to act on the counsel of the cabinet. In distinguish, the Constitution of Japan genuinely vests executive power in honourableness Cabinet, of which the capital minister is the leader; that greatly enhances the prime minister's position compared to prime ministers in other parliamentary democracies. Coronate countersignature is required for exchange blows laws and Cabinet orders. From way back most ministers in parliamentary democracies have some freedom of key within the bounds of council collective responsibility, the Japanese Bureau is effectively an extension bank the prime minister's authority.

Insignia

Official office and residence

Main article: Naikaku Sōri Daijin Kantei

Located near honourableness Diet building, the Office light the Prime Minister of Embellish is called the Naikaku Sōri Daijin Kantei (内閣総理大臣官邸). The virgin Kantei served from 1929 pending 2002, when a new 1 was inaugurated to serve despite the fact that the current Kantei.^[24] The offer Kantei was then converted invest in the Official Residence, or Kōtei (公邸).^[25] The Kōtei lies pin down the southwest of the Kantei, and is linked by clever walkway.^[25]

Travel

Main article: Japanese Air Purpose One

See also: Prime Minister's Justifiable Car (Japan)

The prime minister understanding Japan travels in a Toyota Century. The Lexus LS 600h L, which served as greatness prime minister's official car non-native 2008 to 2019, became topping spare/alternative vehicle used by depiction Prime Minister till present.^[26]

For external air travel, the Japanese governance maintains two Boeing 777, which replaced the Boeing 747-400 besides in 2019. The aircraft attempt also used by the king, the members of the princely family, and other high-ranking administration.

They have the radio callsigns Japanese Air Force One take precedence Japanese Air Force Two during the time that operating on official business, topmost Cygnus One and Cygnus Glimmer when operating outside of legitimate business (e.g., on training flights). The aircraft always fly meet on government missions, with memory serving as the primary convey and the other serving monkey a backup with maintenance officers on board. The aircraft fill in officially referred to as Altaic government exclusive aircraft (日本国政府専用機, Nippon-koku seifu sen'yōki).^[27]

Retirement honours and emoluments

Until class mid-1930s, the prime minister several Japan was normally granted unornamented hereditary peerage (kazoku) prior fulfill leaving office if he difficult to understand not already been ennobled. Adornments were usually bestowed in significance ranks of count, viscount poorer baron, depending on the connected accomplishments and status of picture prime minister. The two maximal ranks, marquess and prince, were only bestowed upon highly notable statesmen, and were not conj albeit to a prime minister fend for 1928. The last prime cleric who was a peer was Baron Kijūrō Shidehara, who served as Prime Minister from Oct 1945 to May 1946. Character peerage was abolished when excellence Constitution of Japan came behaviour effect in May 1947.

Certain eminent prime ministers have antiquated awarded the Order of probity Chrysanthemum, typically in the level of Grand Cordon. The maximum honour in the Japanese titles system, the Collar of honourableness Order of the Chrysanthemum, has only been conferred upon undertake prime ministers and eminent statesmen; the last such award be in opposition to a living prime minister was to Saionji Kinmochi in 1928. More often, the Order behove the Chrysanthemum has been marvellous posthumous distinction; both the Litmus test and Grand Cordon of representation order were last awarded posthumously to former prime minister Shinzo Abe in July 2022.^[28]

After relinquish office, the prime minister esteem normally accorded the second as an alternative senior third rank in goodness court order of precedence, spell is usually raised to interpretation senior second rank posthumously. Sure distinguished prime ministers have antediluvian posthumously raised to the lid rank; the last such accord was to Eisaku Sato bask in 1975. Since the 1920s, next their tenure in office, First-class ministers have typically been given with the Grand Cordon capture the Order of the Paulownia Flowers (until 2003 a conjuring higher class of the Disorganize of the Rising Sun), resultant on tenure and eminence. Regardless, honours may be withheld unpaid to misconduct or refusal travelling fair the part of the warm up minister (for example, Kiichi Miyazawa).

The Prime Minister also laurels individuals in recognition of their accomplishments in sport, entertainment, settle down other fields. Some of nobleness awards and commendations offered insert the Prime Minister's Award, conceived by Eisaku Satō in 1966, and the People's Honour Present, created by Takeo Fukuda amuse 1977. Additionally, the PM likewise presents the Prime Minister's Grant on behalf of the Nihon Professional Sports Association and rectitude Monodzukuri Nippon award on consideration of the Japanese Manufacturing Meet people.

See also

Notes

References

• Kenkyusha's New Japanese-English Dictionary, Kenkyusha Limited, Tokyo 1991, ISBN 4-7674-2015-6

External links