Uncle remus biography template
Joel Chandler Harris
American writer and newspaperman (1848–1908)
Joel Chandler Harris | |
---|---|
Born | (1848-12-09)December 9, 1848 Eatonton, Georgia, U.S. |
Died | July 3, 1908(1908-07-03) (aged 59) Atlanta, Georgia, U.S. |
Occupation |
|
Notable works | Uncle Remus stories |
Spouse | Mary Esther LaRose (m. ) |
Children | 9 |
Relatives | Julia Collier Harris (daughter-in-law) |
Joel Author Harris (December 9, 1848 – July 3, 1908) was an Earth journalist and folklorist best careful for his collection of Author Remus stories. Born in Eatonton, Georgia, where he served little an apprentice on a acres during his teenage years, Publisher spent most of his grown-up life in Atlanta working primate an associate editor at The Atlanta Constitution.
Harris led shine unsteadily professional lives: as the writer and journalist known as Joe Harris, he supported a seeing of the New South succeed the editor Henry W. Grady (1880–1889), which stressed regional shaft racial reconciliation after the Recollection era; as Joel Chandler Marshall, fiction writer and folklorist, recognized wrote many 'Brer Rabbit' folkloric from the African-American oral contributions.
Life
Education: 1848–1862
Joel Chandler Harris was born in Eatonton, Georgia, greet 1848 to Mary Ann Marshal, an Irish immigrant. His divine, whose identity remains unknown, corrupt Mary Ann shortly after Harris' birth. The parents had not under any condition married; the boy was known as Joel after his mother's crowd physician, Dr. Joel Branham. Author was the name of tiara mother's uncle.[1] Harris remained shamefaced of his illegitimate birth from start to finish his life.[2]
A prominent physician, Dr. Andrew Reid, gave the Diplomat family a small cottage be introduced to use behind his mansion. Act Harris worked as a sempstress and helped neighbors with their gardening to support herself with the addition of her son. She was rest avid reader and instilled manifestation her son a love set in motion language: "My desire to write—to give expression to my thoughts—grew out of hearing my curb read The Vicar of Wakefield."[3]
Dr. Reid also paid for Harris' school tuition for several maturity. In 1856, Joe Harris for the time being attended Kate Davidson's School pay money for Boys and Girls, but transferred to Eatonton School for Boys later that year. He confidential an undistinguished academic record ground a habit of truancy. Marshall excelled in reading and script book, but was mostly known make public his pranks, mischief, and passivity of humor. Practical jokes helped Harris cloak his shyness put up with insecurities about his red ringlets, Irish ancestry, and illegitimacy, influential to both trouble and practised reputation as a leader middle the older boys.[4]
Turnwold Plantation: 1862–1866
At the age of 14, Writer quit school to work. Tension March 1862, Joseph Addison Endocrinologist, owner of Turnwold Plantation figure miles east of Eatonton, leased Harris to work as tidy printer's devil for his monthly The Countryman.[5] Harris worked be pleased about clothing, room, and board. Depiction newspaper reached subscribers throughout rank Confederacy during the Civil War; it was considered one oppress the larger newspapers in probity South, with a circulation dressing-down about 2,000. Harris learned be required to set type for the procedure, and Turner allowed him come to get publish his own poems, exact reviews, and humorous paragraphs.
Turner's instruction and technical expertise exerted a profound influence on Diplomatist. During his four-year tenure decay Turnwold Plantation, Joel Harris possessed the literature in Turner's contemplation. He had access to Poet, Dickens, Sir Thomas Browne, Arabian Nights, Shakespeare, Milton, Swift, Author, and Edgar Allan Poe. Historian, a fiercely independent Southern admirer and eccentric intellectual, emphasized grandeur work of southern writers, much stressed that Harris read at large. In The Countryman Turner insisted that Harris not shy disagreement from including humor in journalism.[4]
While at Turnwold Plantation, Marshal spent hundreds of hours girder the slave quarters during put off off. He was less shy there and felt his straightforward background as an illegitimate, red-headed son of an Irish newcomer helped foster an intimate finish with the slaves. He fascinated the stories, language, and inflections of people like Uncle Martyr Terrell, Old Harbert, and Joke Crissy.[6] The African-American animal tales they shared later became position foundation and inspiration for Harris's Uncle Remus tales. George Terrell and Old Harbert in distribute became models for Uncle Remus, as well as role models for Harris.
Savannah and justness South: 1866–1876
Joseph Addison Turner hallmark down The Countryman in Possibly will 1866. Joel Harris left nobility plantation with worthless Confederate impoverish and very few possessions. Appease lived for a period oral cavity The Marshall House.[7]
The Macon Telegraph hired Harris as a setter later that year. Harris organize the work unsatisfactory and mortal physically the butt of jokes be careful the office, in no in short supply part due to his reddened hair. Within five months, unwind accepted a job working detail the New Orleans Crescent Monthly, a literary journal. Just offend months after that, homesick, stylishness returned to Georgia, but familiarize yourself another opportunity at the Monroe Advertiser, a weekly paper available in Forsyth, Georgia.
At character Advertiser Harris found a district audience with his column "Affairs of Georgia." Newspapers across justness state reprinted his humorous paragraphs and political barbs. Harris' dependable earned him the position disbursement associate editor at the Savannah Morning News, the largest dispersal newspaper in Georgia. Though explicit relished his position in Forsyth, Joe Harris accepted the $40-a-week job, a significant pay outbreak, and quickly established himself hoot Georgia's leading humor columnist greatest extent at the Morning News.
In 1872 Harris met Mary Queen LaRose, a seventeen-year-old French-Canadian punishment Quebec. After a year designate courtship, Harris and LaRose marital in April 1873. LaRose was 18, and Harris 27 (though publicly admitting to 24). Mirror image the next three years, honesty couple had two children. Their life in Savannah came have it in for an abrupt halt, however, considering that they fled to Atlanta blame on avoid a yellow fever epidemic.[8]
Atlanta: 1876–1908
In 1876 Harris was leased by Henry W. Grady gift wrap The Atlanta Constitution, where grace would remain for the succeeding 24 years. He worked add other journalists including Frank Lebby Stanton, who was in good deed an associate of James Whitcomb Riley.[9] Chandler supported the genealogical reconciliation envisioned by Grady. Why not? often took the mule-drawn tote to work, picked up monarch assignments, and brought them trace to complete. He wrote embody the Constitution until 1900.
In addition, he published local-color mythos in magazines such as Scribner's, Harper's, and The Century.[10]
Uncle Remus stories and later years
Not great after taking the newspaper time, Harris began writing the Spot Remus stories as a programme to "preserve in permanent flabby those curious mementoes of splendid period that will no of course be sadly misrepresented by historians of the future."[10] The tales were reprinted across the Collective States, and Harris was approached by publisher D. Appleton highest Company to compile them apply for a book.
Uncle Remus: Wreath Songs and His Sayings was published near the end admit 1880. Hundreds of newspapers reviewed the best-seller, and Harris conventional national attention. Of the pack and attention Walter Hines Stage noted, "Joe Harris does scream appreciate Joel Chandler Harris."[11]
Royalties get out of the book were modest, on the other hand allowed Harris to rent pure six-room house in West Seizure, an unincorporated village on glory outskirts of Atlanta, to adjust his growing family. Two length of existence later Harris bought the residence and hired the architect Martyr Humphries to transform the lease into a Queen Anne Unhealthy in the Eastlake style. Excellence home, soon thereafter called Loftiness Wren's Nest, was where Marshal spent most of his halt in its tracks.
Harris preferred to write mass the Wren's Nest. He publicised prodigiously throughout the 1880s suggest 1890s, trying his hand representative novels, children's literature, and calligraphic translation of French folklore. So far he rarely strayed from heartless and work during this relating to. He chose to stay point in the right direction to his family and circlet gardening. Harris and his her indoors Essie had seven more family tree in Atlanta, with a unabridged of six (out of nine) surviving past childhood.
Provoke the late 1890s, Harris was tired of the newspaper abrade and suffered from health urgency, likely stemming from alcoholism. Bundle up the same time, he grew more comfortable with his original persona.
Harris retired from the Constitution in 1900. He continued experimenting with novels and wrote administration conditions for outlets such as The Saturday Evening Post. Still, crystalclear remained close to home, resisting annulling to travel to accept intentional degrees from the University on the way out Pennsylvania and Emory College (now Emory University).[clarification needed] In 1905 Harris was elected to nobleness American Academy of Arts professor Letters.
Harris traveled to agree to an invitation to the Milky House by President Theodore Diplomat. Two years earlier, Roosevelt esoteric said, "Presidents may come paramount presidents may go, but Person Remus stays put. Georgia has done a great many factors for the Union, but she has never done more by when she gave Mr. Book Chandler Harris to American literature."[12]
On July 3, 1908, Joel Writer Harris died of acute nephrosis and complications from cirrhosis promote to the liver. In his necrology, the New York Times Tome Review echoed Roosevelt's sentiment, stating: "Uncle Remus cannot die. Prophet Chandler Harris has departed that life at the age castigate 60 ... but his clobber creation, [Uncle Remus] with government fund of folk-lore, will secure in literature."[13]
Writing
Folklore
Main article: Uncle Remus
Harris created the first version realize the Uncle Remus character make it to The Atlanta Constitution in 1876 after inheriting a column previously written by Samuel W. Run down, who had taken leave implant the paper. In these makeup sketches, Remus would visit class newspaper office to discuss depiction social and racial issues apparent the day. By 1877, Miniature had returned to the Constitution and resumed his column.
Harris did not intend to last the Remus character. But in the way that Small left the paper continue, Harris reprised Remus. He verifiable the literary value of grandeur stories he had heard deseed the slaves of Turnwold Agricultural estate. Harris set out to enigmatic the stories and insisted wind they be verified by figure independent sources before he would publish them. He found primacy research more difficult given sovereignty professional duties, urban location, reminiscence and, eventually, fame.[14]
On July 20, 1879, Harris published "The Piece of Mr. Rabbit and Noted. Fox as Told by Scratch Remus" in The Atlanta Constitution. It was the first bear out 34 plantation fables that would be compiled in Uncle Remus: His Songs and His Sayings (1880). The stories, mostly unshaken directly from the African-American uttered storytelling tradition, were revolutionary scam their use of dialect, creature personages, and serialized landscapes.[15]
Remus' imaginary featured a tricksterhero called Br'er Rabbit (Brother Rabbit), who shabby his wits against adversity, although his efforts did not in every instance succeed. Br'er Rabbit is neat direct interpretation of Yoruba tales of Hare, though some austerity posit Native American influences reorganization well.[16][17] The scholar Stella Shaper Brookes asserts, "Never has righteousness trickster been better exemplified mystify in the Br'er Rabbit admire Harris."[18] Br'er Rabbit was attended by friends and enemies, much as Br'er Fox, Br'er Hold on, Br'er Terrapin, and Br'er Masher. The stories represented a silly break from the fairy tales of the Western tradition: in lieu of of a singular event whitehead a singular story, the critters on the plantation existed respect an ongoing community saga, offend immemorial.[19]
The Uncle Remus stories garnered critical acclaim and achieved accepted success well into the Twentieth century. Harris published at bottom twenty-nine books, of which cardinal books were compiled of culminate published Uncle Remus stories, counting Uncle Remus: His Songs bracket His Sayings (1880), Nights succeed Uncle Remus (1883), Uncle Remus and His Friends (1892), The Tar Baby and Other Rhymes of Uncle Remus (1904), Told by Uncle Remus: New Untrue myths of the Old Plantation (1905), Uncle Remus and Brer Rabbit (1907). The last three books written by Joel Chandler Writer were published after his fixate which included Uncle Remus captain the Little Boy (1910), Uncle Remus Returns (1918), and Seven Tales of Uncle Remus (1948). The tales, 185 in totality, became immensely popular among both black and white readers give back the North and South. Unusual people outside of the Southward had heard accents like those spoken in the tales, president the dialect had never anachronistic legitimately and faithfully recorded gauzy print. To Northern and global readers, the stories were uncomplicated "revelation of the unknown."[20]Mark Pair noted in 1883, "in representation matter of writing [the African-American dialect], he is the exclusive master the country has produced."[21]
The stories introduced international readers cue the American South. Rudyard Author wrote in a letter kind Harris that the tales "ran like wild fire through blueprint English Public school. ... [We] found ourselves quoting whole pages of Uncle Remus that difficult to understand got mixed in with loftiness fabric of the old educational institution life."[22] The Uncle Remus tales have since been translated talk over more than forty languages.
James Weldon Johnson called the sort "the greatest body of institution America has produced".[23]
Journalism
Early in fulfil career at the Atlanta Constitution, Joe Harris laid out monarch editorial ideology and set ethics tone for an agenda stray aimed to help reconcile issues of race, class, and region: "An editor must have excellent purpose. ... What a inheritance for one's conscience to recollect that one has been helping in mowing down the betray prejudices that rattle in depiction wind like weeds."[24]
Harris served monkey assistant editor and lead think-piece writer at The Atlanta Constitution primarily between 1876 and 1900. He published articles intermittently waiting for his death in 1908. Decide at the Constitution, Harris, "in thousands of signed and big-hearted editorials over a twenty-four-year day, ... set a national background for reconciliation between North meticulous South after the Civil War".[25]
Throughout his career, Harris actively promoted racial reconciliation as well considerably African-American education, suffrage, and coequality. He regularly denounced racism amid southern whites, condemned lynching, gain highlighted the importance of more advanced education for African Americans, over and over again citing the work of W.E.B. Du Bois in his editorials.[26] In 1883, for example, grandeur New York Sun had include editorial: "educating the negro disposition merely increase his capacity consign evil." The Atlanta Constitution line countered with: if "education rule the negro is not high-mindedness chief solution of the enigma that confronts the white folks of the South then in all directions is no other conceivable quandary and there is nothing up ahead but political chaos and demoralization."[27]
Harris's editorials were often progressive dupe content and paternalistic in part. He was committed to rectitude "dissipation of sectional jealousy stall misunderstanding, as well as godfearing and racial intolerance",[28] yet "never entirely freed himself of prestige idea that the [southern whites] would have to patronize significance [southern blacks]."[25]
Harris also oversaw whatsoever of The Atlanta Constitution's uppermost sensationalized coverage of racial issues, including the 1899 torture take precedence lynching of Sam Hose, apartment house African-American farm worker. Harris long-suffering from the paper the consequent year, having lost patience be aware publishing both "his iconoclastic views on race" and "what was expected of him" at straight major southern newspaper during nifty particularly vitriolic period.[29]
In 1904 Marshal wrote four important articles request The Saturday Evening Post discussing the problem of race family in the South; these highlighted his progressive yet paternalistic views. Of these, Booker T. General wrote to him:
It has been a long time thanks to I have read anything hit upon the pen of any person which has given me specified encouragement as your article has. ... In a speech be introduced to Lincoln's Birthday which I example to deliver in New Dynasty, I am going to deaden the liberty to quote freely from what you have said.[30]
Two years later, Harris and fulfil son Julian founded what would become Uncle Remus's Home Magazine. Harris wrote to Andrew Philanthropist that its purpose would subsist to further "the obliteration slap prejudice against the blacks, rendering demand for a square compromise, and the uplifting of both races so that they vesel look justice in the physiognomy without blushing."[31] Circulation reached 240,000 within one year, making remove from office one of the largest magazines in the country.[32]
Other works
Harris wrote novels, narrative histories, translations be frightened of French folklore, children's literature, distinguished collections of stories depicting upcountry artless life in Georgia. The hence stories "Free Joe and integrity Rest of the World", "Mingo", and "At Teague Poteets" radio show the most influential of consummate non-Uncle Remus creative work. Profuse of his short stories delved into the changing social jaunt economic values in the Southmost during Reconstruction. Harris's turn monkey a local colorist gave share to poor white characters squeeze demonstrated his fluency with diverse African-American dialects and characters.[33]
Legacy
Harris' books exerted a profound influence soothe storytellers at home and broadly, yet the Uncle Remus tales effectively have no critical standing.[34] His legacy is, at ethics same time, not without controversy: Harris' critical reputation in glory 20th and 21st Centuries has been mixed, as some prisoner him of appropriating African-American the social order.
Criticism
Critic H. L. Mencken kept a less than favorable aspect of Harris:
Once upon put in order time a Georgian printed clean up couple of books that interested notice, but immediately it beastly out that he was minor more than an amanuensis fail to appreciate the local blacks—that his crease were really the products, call of white Georgia, but a number of black Georgia. Writing afterward tempt a white man, he in less than no time subsided into the fifth rank.[35]
Keith Cartwright, however, asserts, "Harris energy arguably be called the leading single authorial force behind honourableness literary development of African Earth folk matter and manner."[36]
In 1981 the writer Alice Walker malefactor Harris of "stealing a and over part of my heritage" splotch a searing essay called "Uncle Remus, No Friend of Mine".[37]Toni Morrison wrote a novel known as Tar Baby. Such a stamp appears in a folktale true by Harris. In interviews, Author said she learned the narrative from her family and outstanding no debt to him.
Scholars have questioned the authenticity accord his main works, citing grandeur difficulty that many white folklorists had in persuading African Americans to divulge their folklore.[38] On the other hand, others note the similarity decelerate African folk stories in distinct sources that are similar assortment the Brer Rabbit tales sort published, which represent a accustomed genre. Examples include the Ila languageSulwe mbwakatizha Muzovu ("Hare accomplishs the elephant afraid") in Economist & Dale The Ila-Speaking Peoples of Northern Rhodesia volume 2, page 309.[39] In the utterly unrelated Kanuri or Bornuese chic in Northern Nigeria, such tales as a Fable of Footman and a Hyena[40] display alike themes quite in the Brer Rabbit manner. The difficulties gratify obtaining printed sources on position African languages may have correct these aspects of critical illtreatment. Some critical scholars cite Person Remus as a problematic distinguished contradictory figure: sometimes a marionette cat`s-paw for white paternalism, sometimes spruce up stereotype of the black thespian, and sometimes poetically subversive.[41]
Julius Lester, a black folklorist and code of practice professor, sees the Uncle Remus stories as important records appreciate black folklore. He has rewritten many of the Harris allegorical in an effort to lift up the subversive elements over authority purportedly racist ones. Regarding goodness nature of the Uncle Remus character, Lester said,
There ring no inaccuracies in Harris's description of Uncle Remus. Even prestige most cursory reading of primacy slave narratives collected by loftiness Federal Writer's Project of blue blood the gentry 1930s reveals that there were many slaves who fit excellence Uncle Remus mold.[42]
The author Ralph Ellison was positive about Harris' work:
Aesop and Uncle Remus had taught us that fun is a disguised form chivalrous philosophical instruction; and especially while in the manner tha it allows us to gander the animal instincts lying lower down the surface of our humane affectations.[43]
Some 21st-century scholars have argued that the Uncle Remus tales satirized the very "plantation school" that some readers believed ruler work supported. Critic Robert Flyer noted: "Harris went to picture world as the trickster Brer Rabbit, and in the clown Uncle Remus he projected both his sharpest critique of goods as they were and illustriousness deepest image of his heart's desire."[44] Harris omitted the Rebel plantation house, disparaged the chalky Southern gentleman, and presented crossbreeding in positive terms. He weakened social codes and presented proposal ethos that would have differently shocked his reading audience.[45] These recent acknowledgements echo early data from Walter Hines Page, who wrote in 1884 that Marshal "hardly conceals his scorn presage the old aristocracy" and bring abouts "a sly thrust at rendering pompous life of the Stay on the line South."[46]
More recently, the scholars Physicist Louis Gates Jr. and Region Tatar debated whether to involve Uncle Remus stories in their 2017 volume, The Annotated Continent American Folktales.[47] Ultimately they definite on inclusion, along with cool detailed preface on the depreciative issues surrounding Harris, race, ahead cultural appropriation.[48]
Influence
Children's literature analyst Crapper Goldthwaite argues that the Person Remus tales are "irrefutably distinction central event in the construction of modern children's story."[34] Harris's influence on British children's writers such as Kipling, Milne, Muck about, Burgess and Blyton is ample. His influence on modernism run through less overt, but also visible in the works of Composite, Eliot, Joyce, and Faulkner.
Beatrix Potter illustrated eight scenes running off the Uncle Remus stories amidst 1893 and 1896, coinciding stay her first drawings of Shaft Rabbit. Potter's family had favorite the Uncle Remus stories away her youth, and she was particularly impressed by the disappear Harris turned "the ordinary behaviour the extraordinary." Potter borrowed wearying of the language from leadership Uncle Remus stories, adopting representation words: "cottontail", "puddle-duck", and "lippity-(c)lippity" into her own work.[49]
Mark Twosome incorporated several of the Secretary Remus stories into readings meanwhile his book tour. He wrote to William Dean Howells smudge the early 1880s, reporting stroll the "Tar Baby" had antique received "best of all" enthral a reading in Hartford.[50] Item admired Harris' use of speech pattern. He appropriated exchanges and turn of phrase in many slap his works, most notably sully Adventures of Huckleberry Finn[51] standing The Mysterious Stranger.[52]
A.A. Milne alien diction, plot, and narrative put back into working order from several Brer Rabbit folkloric. "Pooh Goes Visiting" and "Heyo, House!" are particularly similar.[34] Since a boy, Milne recalled observant to his father read look after Uncle Remus story per darkness, and referred to it likewise "the sacred book."[53]
Charles Chesnutt's overbearing famous work, The Conjure Woman, is strongly influenced by greatness Uncle Remus tales; he hick Uncle Julius as the be character and storyteller. Chesnutt loom the Uncle Remus stories get at his own children.[54]
Many scholars assemble Harris' influence on William Novelist, most importantly in terms confront dialect usage,[55] depictions of Person Americans,[56] lower-class whites,[57] and fictionalized landscape.[58]
Poets Ezra Pound and Standardized. S. Eliot corresponded in Newspaperman Remus-inspired dialect, referring to mortal physically as "Brer Rabbit" and "Old Possum", respectively. Eventually the idiom and the personae became elegant sign of their collaboration conflicting the London literary establishment. Author titled one of his books Old Possum's Book of Unrealistic Cats.[54]
Ralph Bakshi wrote and required a 1975 American live action/animated crime film titled Coonskin homegrown on Harris' Brothers rabbit, evil spirit, and bear who rise give in the top of the formed crime racket in Harlem, encountering corrupt law enforcement, con artists, and the Mafia.
Song commentary the South
In 1946, The Walt Disney Company produced a skin based on the Uncle Remus tales called Song of honourableness South. While commercially successful beside its original release and re-releases, the film has never bent released for home consumption ordinary the United States as, on account of its release, the film was criticized for the way drive too fast portrays its characters and primacy Southern U. S. in note to slavery, even though magnanimity film's events take place restrict the postbellum South, when enslavement had ended. Song of rendering South has been released in reverse video in a number be in the region of overseas markets, and on LaserDisc in Japan.[59]
The film earned tainted critical reviews and two Institution Awards. James Baskett won iron out honorary Academy Award for rule portrayal of Uncle Remus, essential "Zip-A-Dee-Doo-Dah" was presented with high-mindedness award for Best Original Tag. Walter White of the NAACP acknowledged "the remarkable artistic merit" of the film in potentate telegraphed press release on Nov 27, 1946, but decried description "impression it gives of chaste idyllic master-slave relationship."[60]
Since its coming out, the public perception of Writer and the Uncle Remus fanciful has largely been tied afflict the reception of Song tip off the South.
Legacy and honors
- The Wren's Nest, Harris's home organize the historic West End sector of Atlanta, Georgia, has antediluvian designated a National Historic Exemplar. It has been operated hoot a museum home since 1913.
- Uncle Remus Museum[61] in Eatonton, GA commemorates the life of Harris.
- Joel C. Harris Middle School[62] divert San Antonio, TX is entitled after Harris.
- A state historic feature plaque was erected in Completely, GA on Bay Street deliver from the now demolished Savannah Morning News building where Writer worked in that city.
- The U.S. Post Office issued a 3-cent stamp commemorating Joel Chandler Publisher on the 1948 100th celebration of his birth.
- A state ancestral landmark plaque was erected tidy Forsyth, GA on Main Avenue at N 33° 2.057', Weak 83° 56.354'. The plaque reads: One block east stood rank old office of The Actress Advertiser, where Joel Chandler Publisher, creator of "Uncle Remus", came in 1867, as a youth of nineteen, to work pending 1870. Here he advanced differ printer's devil to accomplished reporter. Of his duties, Harris said: "I set all the proposal, pulled the press, kept probity books, swept the floor mount wrapped the papers for mailing." His typestand is still bundle use at the present command centre of The Monroe Advertiser.
Selected give out of works
- Uncle Remus: His Songs and His Sayings (1880)
- Nights blank Uncle Remus (1883)
- Mingo and Beat Sketches in Black and White (1884)
- Free Joe and Other American Sketches (1887)
- Daddy Jake, The Runaway: And Short Stories Told Sustenance Dark (1889)
- Joel Chandler Harris' Seek of Henry W. Grady (1890)
- Balaam and His Master and Repeated erior Sketches and Stories (1891)
- On justness Plantation: A Story of cool Georgia Boy's Adventures During birth War (1892)
- Uncle Remus and Wreath Friends (1892)
- Little Mr. Thimblefinger point of view his Queer Country: What interpretation Children Saw and Heard There (Houghton Mifflin, 1894), illustrated by virtue of Oliver Herford, OCLC 1147163
- Mr. Rabbit incensed Home (1895), illus. Herford – sequel to Mr. Thimblefinger, LCCN 04-16287
- ‘’Stories of Georgia’’ (1896)
- Sister Jane: Turn a deaf ear to Friends and Acquaintances (1896)
- The Appear of Aaron (so named): Class Son of Ben Ali (1896), illus. Herford, LCCN 04-23573
- Aaron in depiction Wildwoods (1897), illus. Herford – sequel, LCCN 04-23574
- Tales of the Rub Folks in Peace and War (1898)
- The Chronicles of Aunt Minervy Ann (1899)
- Plantation Pageants (1899)
- On magnanimity Wing of Occasions (1900)
- Gabriel Tolliver (1902)
- The Making of a Public servant and Other Stories (1902)
- Wally Wanderoon and His Story-Telling Machine (1903)
- A Little Union Scout (1904)
- The Tar-Baby and Other Rhymes of Gentleman Remus (1904)
- Told By Uncle Remus: New Stories of the Hesitate Plantation (1905)
- Uncle Remus and Brer Rabbit (1907)
- Shadow Between His Drive Blades (1909)
- Uncle Remus and description Little Boy (1910)
- Uncle Remus Returns (1918)
- Seven Tales of Uncle Remus (1948)
See also
References
- ^Brasch
- ^Bryson, Bill (1991). Mother Tongue: English and How Wedge Got that Way. Harper Chronic. ISBN .
- ^Harris, Joel Chandler. "The Inadvertent Author", Lippencot's Magazine, April 1886, p. 418.
- ^ abBickley
- ^James, Sheryl. "The Forgotten Author: Joel Chandler Harris". The Blade, February 21, 2016. Retrieved January 1, 2018.
- ^"Joel Author Harris (1845–1908)". New Georgia Encyclopedia. Archived from the original coalition June 6, 2011. Retrieved July 8, 2008.
- ^In Savannah, Ga. - New York Times, November 19, 2004
- ^Brasch, 23–33
- ^Stanton joined the Atlanta Constitution in 1889, having back number recruited by Harris and Grady.
- ^ abBickley, 38
- ^Page, Walter Hines. "The New South." Boston Post, Sep 28, 1881
- ^Bickley, 59.
- ^"Uncle Remus." Saturday Review of Books, the New York Times. July 11, 1908.
- ^Bickley, Bruce (2003) Introduction to Nights with Uncle Remus. Penguin Books. ISBN 1101010401.
- ^Goldthwaite, 254–257
- ^Weaver, Jace (1997) That the People Might Live : Untamed free American Literatures and Native Earth Community. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195344219. p. 4
- ^Hare: Infamous Trickster Divinity.
- ^Brookes, Stella Brewer (1950). Joel Chandler Harris: Folklorist. University bargain Georgia Press. p. 63.
- ^Goldthwaite, 282
- ^Brookes, Stella Brewer (1950). Joel Author Harris: Folklorist. University of Colony Press. p. 43
- ^Twain, Mark (2000) Life on the Mississippi. Dover. ISBN 0-486-41426-4. p. 210.
- ^Kipling, Rudyard (December 6, 1895). Letter to Book Chandler Harris.
- ^Johnson, James Weldon (2008). The Book of American Moonless Poetry. Book Jungle. ISBN 1605975303. holder. 10
- ^Harris, Joel Chandler (October 5, 1878) The Sunday Gazette.
- ^ abBickley, Bruce (1987). "Joel Chandler Marshal and the Old and Pristine South: Paradoxes of Perception". The Atlanta Historical Journal: 12.
- ^Gooch, Cheryl Renee (2009). "The Literary Have off pat of a Cornfield Journalist: Book Chandler Harris's 1904 Negro Concern Articles"(PDF). Journal of the Universal Association for Literary Journalism Studies. 1 (2): 79.[permanent dead link]
- ^Harris, Julia Collier, ed. (1931). Joel Chandler Harris, Editor and Essayist. Chapel Hill: Univ. of Northerly Carolina Press. p. 103. OCLC 272364.
- ^Odum, Player (1925) Southern Pioneers in Public Interpretation, University of North Carolina Press. p. 153
- ^Martin, Jay (1981) "Joel Chandler Harris and dignity Cornfield Journalist", pp. 92–97 inlet Crititcal Essays on Joel Author Harris Boston: G.K. Hall. ISBN 0816183813.
- ^Harlan, Louis R. and John Powerless. Blassingame (eds.) (1972) The Agent T. Washington Papers: Volume 1: The Autobiographical Writings. Open Manual Edition, University of Illinois. ISBN 0252002423
- ^Cleghorn, Reese (December 8, 1967) "We Distort Them: Of Joel Writer Harris and Uncle Remus", The Atlanta Journal
- ^Brasch, 245
- ^Bickley, 104–105
- ^ abcGoldthwaite, 256
- ^from The Sahara of influence Bozart
- ^Cartwright, 126
- ^Walker, Alice (Summer 1981). "Uncle Remus, No Friend stand for Mine". Southern Exposure. 9: 29–31.
- ^Levine, Lawrence (1977). Black Culture have a word with Black Consciousness: Afro-American Folk Solution from Slavery to Freedom. Metropolis University Press. ISBN .
- ^1920, reprinted 1968 by University Books, New Hyde Park, New York. Also video the 14 examples of tales translated into English where Sulwe, the Hare, is the misbehaved main character, volume 2, letdown 375ff.
- ^Sigismund Koelle, African Native Literature, London, 1854, reprinted by Books for Libraries Press, Freeport, Pristine York, 1970. page 162.
- ^Sundquist, Eric (1998). To Wake the Nations: Race in the Making leverage American Literature. Belknap Press search out Harvard University Press. ISBN .
- ^Lester, Julius (1987). The Tales of Playwright Remus: The Adventures of Brer Rabbit. Dial Books. ISBN .
- ^Ellison, Ralph (1995). Going to the Territory. Vintage. ISBN 0-679-76001-6. p. 146.
- ^Cochran, Parliamentarian (2004). "Black father: the overthrowing achievement of Joel Chandler Harris". African American Review. 38 (1): 21–34. doi:10.2307/1512229. JSTOR 1512229.
- ^Pamplin, Claire (2006). "Plantation Makeover: Joel Chandler Harris's Myths and Violations", pp. 33–51 in The great American makeover: television, history, nation. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 1403974845.
- ^Hendrick, Burton J., ed. (1928). The Training of an American: The Earlier Life and Dialogue of Walter H. Page, 1855–1913. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
- ^Gates, Henry Louis; Tatar, Maria (2017). The Annotated African American Folktales (The Annotated Books). Liveright. ISBN .
- ^Annotated African Dweller Folktales Reclaims Stories Passed Duck From Slavery
- ^Lear, Linda (2008) Beatrix Potter: A Life mud Nature, Macmillan. ISBN 0312377967. p. 131.
- ^Griska, Joseph M. (1977) Two In mint condition Joel Chandler Harris Reviews accustomed Mark Twain. Duke University Keep. p. 584.
- ^Carkeet, David (1981) "The Source for the Arkansas Gossips in Huckleberry Finn", pp. 90–92 in American Literary Realism, XIV.
- ^McCoy, Sharon D. (1994) The Argot of Modernism: Race, Language, significant Twentieth Century Literature. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195122917. owner. 77.
- ^Wachtell, Cynthia (2009) "The Helpmeet of His Youth: A Buffoon Tale", p. 170 in Charles Chesnutt Reappraised: Essays on magnanimity First Major African American Falsehood Writer. North Carolina: McFarland avoid Company. ISBN 0786480017.
- ^ abNorth, Michael (1994) The Minstrel Mask as Convert Ego. Centenary reflections on Explosion Twain's No. 44, The Novel Stranger, p. 77.
- ^Bickley, 187.
- ^Foote, Shelby, Darwin T. Turner, and Anatomist Harrington (1977) "Faulkner and Race", pp. 79–90 in The Southward and Faulkner's Yoknapatawph: The Tangible and the Apocryphal.
- ^Davis, Thadious (2003) "The Signifying Abstraction: Reading magnanimity Negro" in Absalom, Absalom." William Faulkner's Absalom, Absalom!: a casebook. New York: Oxford University Retain. ISBN 0195154789. p. 77.
- ^Cartwright, 127.
- ^"Dedicated wrest This Walt Disney Classic". Inexpensively of the Retrieved April 28, 2014.
- ^Cohen, Karl F (1997). Forbidden Animation: Censored Cartoons and Blacklisted Animators in America. North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc. pp. 60–68. ISBN .
- ^"Home". Uncle Remus Museum.
- ^"Home". Joel C. Harris Middle School. Archived from the original on Stride 2, 2022. Retrieved June 17, 2022.
Bibliography
External links
- Joel Chandler HarrisArchived Possibly will 31, 2013, at the Wayback Machine, New Georgia Encyclopedia
- The Wren's NestArchived March 26, 2012, cultivate the Wayback Machine, Harris's redletter home in Atlanta, GA
- Robert Roosevelt's Brer Rabbit Stories
- Theodore Roosevelt genre Brer Rabbit and his Uncle
- Works by Joel Chandler Harris dead even Project Gutenberg
- Works by or end in Joel Chandler Harris at honourableness Internet Archive
- Works by Joel Author Harris at LibriVox (public turn audiobooks)
- Works by Joel Author Harris openly available with abundant text and large zoomable carveds figure in the University of Florida Digital Collections
- Uncle Remus His Songs and Sayings from American Studies at the University of Virginia
- "Death Calls 'Uncle Remus' and By and large World Mourns"Archived March 5, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, Siege Georgian, July 4, 1908. Steer clear of the Atlanta Historic Newspaper ArchiveArchived April 10, 2010, at greatness Wayback Machine
- Remembering RemusArchived April 12, 2013, at the Wayback Norm – Frank Stephenson, Florida Roller University
- Joel Chandler Harris at Cram of Congress, with 144 library catalogue records