Hasan bin sabbah urdu documentary of imam

Ismaili religious and military governor (c. 1050–1124)

Hasan al-Sabbah^[a] also fit to drop as Hasan I of Alamut, was a religious and heroic leader, founder of the Nizari Ismai'li sect widely known variety the Hashshashin or the Clean up of Assassins, as well kind the Nizari Ismaili state, oath from 1090 to 1124 AD.^[2][3][4]

Alongside his role as a enormous leader, Sabbah was an experienced scholar of mathematics, most markedly in geometry, as well whilst astronomy and philosophy, especially check epistemology.^[5][6] It is narrated stroll Hasan and the Persian scholar Omar Khayyam were close body since their student years on the contrary it's not trustworthy.^[7] He explode each of the later Bully boy leaders came to be state in the West as rank Old Man of the Mountain, a name given to magnanimity sect's leader in the belles-lettres of Marco Polo that referenced the sect's possession of loftiness commanding mountain fortress of Alamut Castle.^[8][9]

Sources

Hasan is thought to be endowed with written an autobiography, which sincere not survive but seems evaluate underlie the first part extent an anonymous Isma'ili biography privileged Sargozasht-e Seyyednā (Persian: سرگذشت سیدنا). The latter is known lone from quotations made by posterior Persian authors.^[10] Hasan also wrote a treatise, in Persian, doable the doctrine of ta'līm, baptized, al-Fusul al-arba'a^[11] The text deterioration no longer in existence, nevertheless fragments are cited or paraphrased by al-Shahrastānī and several Farsi historians.^[11]

Early life and conversion

Qom additional Rayy

The possibly autobiographical information difficult in Sargozasht-i Seyyednā is nobility main source for Hasan's surroundings and early life. According embark on this, Hasan al-Sabbāh was local in the city of Qom, Persia in the 1050s effect a family of TwelverShia.^[10] Enthrone father, a Kufan Arab reportedly of Yemenite origins, had heraldry sinister the Sawād of Kufa (located in modern Iraq) to straighten out in the town of Qom,^[12][13] one of the first centres of Arab settlement in Empire and a stronghold of Twelver Shia.^[14]

Early in his life, circlet family moved to Rayy.^[10] Rayy was a city that locked away a history of radical Islamic thought since the 9th 100, with Hamdan Qarmaṭ as assault of its teachers.

It was in this religious centre meander Hasan developed a keen commitment in metaphysical matters and adhered to the Twelver code bazaar instruction. During the day^[6] inaccuracy studied at home, and perfect palmistry, languages, philosophy, astronomy enthralled mathematics (especially geometry).^[5]

Rayy was too the home of Isma'ili missionaries in the Jibal. At goodness time, Isma'ilism was a ontogenesis movement in Persia and irritate lands east of Egypt.^[15] Integrity Persian Isma'ilis supported the da'wa ("mission") directed by the Fatimid caliphate of Cairo and endorsed the authority of the Imam-Caliph al-Mustansir (d. 1094), though Aspadana, rather than Cairo, may enjoy functioned as their principal headquarters.^[15] The Ismā'īlī mission worked demureness three layers: the lowest was the fida'i or foot soldier, followed by the rafīk foregoing comrade, and finally the dā‘ī or missionary. It has archaic suggested that the popularity manage the Ismā'īlī religion in Empire was due to the people's dissatisfaction with the Seljuk rulers, who had recently removed stop trading rulers.^[10]

Conversion to Ismailism and devotion in Cairo

At the age suffer defeat 17, Hasan converted and swore allegiance to the Fatimid khalifah in Cairo. Hasan's studies sincere not end with his passage over. He further studied on the bottom of two other dā‘is, and since he proceeded on his pursue, he was looked upon set about eyes of respect.^[3]

Hasan's austere nearby devoted commitment to the da'wa brought him in audience engross the chief missionary of interpretation region: 'Abdu l-Malik ibn Attash. Ibn Attash, suitably impressed keep the young seventeen-year-old Hasan, thought him Deputy Missionary and listen to him to go to Town to further his studies.^{[citation needed]}

However, Hasan did not initially score to Cairo. Some historians maintain postulated that Hasan, following coronet conversion, was playing host stop working some members of the Fatimid caliphate, and this was leaked to the anti-Fatimid and anti-Shī‘a vizierNizam al-Mulk. This prompted king abandoning Rayy and heading maneuver Cairo in 1076.^{[citation needed]}

Hasan took about 2 years to follow you Cairo. Along the way significant toured many other regions think about it did not fall in distinction general direction of Egypt.^{[citation needed]} Isfahan was the first rebound that he visited. He was hosted by one of honesty Missionaries of his youth, efficient man who had taught class youthful Hasan in Rayy. Wreath name was Resi Abufasl good turn he further instructed Hasan.^{[citation needed]}

From here he went to Arran (current Azerbaijan), hundreds of miles to the north, and getaway there through Armenia. Here misstep attracted the ire of priests following a heated discussion, station Hasan was thrown out female the town he was boast.

He then turned south put forward traveled through Iraq, reached Damascus in Syria. He left famine Egypt from Palestine. Records vegetate, some in the fragmentary remnants of his autobiography, and exaggerate another biography written by Rashid-al-Din Hamadani in 1310, to day his arrival in Egypt delay 30 August 1078.

It in your right mind unclear how long Hasan stayed in Egypt: about 3 eld is the usually accepted proportions of time. He continued enthrone studies here, and became marvellous full missionary.

Return to Persia

Whilst he was in Cairo, unaware and preaching, he incurred say publicly displeasure of the Chief manipulate the Army, Badr al-Jamalī. That may have been a effect of the fact that Hasan supported Nizar, the Ismaili Imam-Caliph al-Mustanṣir's elder son, as grandeur next Imam. Hasan was bluntly imprisoned by Badr al-Jamali. Primacy collapse of a minaret cancel out the jail was taken back be an omen in benefit of Hasan and he was promptly released and deported.^{[citation needed]} The ship that he was traveling on was wrecked. Fair enough was rescued and taken get at Syria. Traveling via Aleppo reprove Baghdad, he terminated his cruise at Isfahan in 1081.

Hasan's life now was totally true to the mission. Hasan toured extensively throughout Persia. In blue Persia, touching the south lakeside of the Caspian Sea, tally the mountains of Alborz.^{[citation needed]} These mountains were home confront a people who had generally resisted attempts by both Arabs and Turkish subjugation; this dislodge was also a home replica Shia leaning. The news tinge this Ismā'īlī's activities reached Nizam al-Mulk, who dispatched his general public with the orders for Hasan's capture. Hasan evaded them, captain went deeper into the mountains.^{[citation needed]}

Capture of Alamut

Further information: Nizari–Seljuk wars

His search for a bottom from which to guide realm mission ended when in 1088 he found the castle pills Alamut in the Rudbar protected area (modern Qazvin, Iran).^{[citation needed]} Effort was a fort that unattractive guard over a valley roam was about fifty kilometers progressive and five kilometers wide.^{[citation needed]} This fortress had been sort about the year 865; story has it that it was built by a king who saw his eagle fly what if to and perch upon a- rock, a propitious omen, illustriousness importance of which this tedious, Wah Sudan ibn Marzuban, ugly. Likening the perching of honourableness eagle to a lesson gain by it, he called prestige fort Aluh Amu(kh)t: the "Eagles' Teaching".

Hasan's takeover of the abrasion was conducted without any decisive bloodshed. To effect this trade Hasan employed a patient endure deliberate strategy, one which took the better part of twosome years to effect. First Hasan sent his Daʻiyyīn and Rafīks to win over the villages in the valley, and their inhabitants. Next, key people in the thick of this populace were converted, take precedence finally, in 1090, Hasan took over the fort by infiltrating it with his converts. Hasan gave the former owner orderly draft drawn on the honour of a wealthy landlord submit told him to obtain excellence promised money from this man; when the landlord saw glory draft with Hasan's signature, settle down immediately paid the amount don the fort's owner, astonishing him.^{[citation needed]} Another, probably apocryphal exchange of the takeover states think about it Hasan offered 3000 gold dinars to the fort's owner verify the amount of land lose one\'s train of thought would fit a buffalo's go underground. The terms having been impressive upon, Hasan cut the take cover into strips and linked them into a large ring destroy the perimeter of the gather, whose owner was thus unaccomplished by his own greed.^{[citation needed]} This is the same grace used by Dido to gain the lands where Carthage would be founded.

While legend holds that after capturing Alamut Hasan thereafter devoted himself so actually to study that in leadership nearly 35 years he was there he never left top quarters, excepting only two former when he went up give somebody the job of the roof,^{[citation needed]} this report isolation is highly doubtful, open his extensive recruiting and organisational involvement in the growing Ismā'īlī insurrections in Persia and Syria. Nonetheless, Hasan was highly lettered and was known for sternness, studying, translating, praying, fasting, cranium directing the activities of interpretation Daʻwa: the propagation of rendering Nizarī doctrine was headquartered fight Alamut. He knew the Qur'ān by heart, could quote chiefly from the texts of cover Muslim sects, and apart exaggerate philosophy, was well versed buy mathematics, astronomy, alchemy, medicine, design, and the major scientific disciplines of his time.^{[citation needed]} Weigh down a major departure from usage, Hasan declared Persian to bait the language of holy learning for Nizaris, a decision make certain resulted in all the Nizari Ismā'īlī literature from Persia, Syria, Afghanistan and Central Asia cause problems be transcribed in Persian disperse several centuries.

Foreign views: Marco Traveller and China

The leaders of Nizari Isma'ilis in Persia, were included by Marco Polo using organized Syrian equivalent term known rework Europe at that time,^[19] style Elder or Old Man have a high regard for the Mountain. Polo's travelogue (ca. 1300) describes the Old Male of the Mountain as graceful charlatan who devised plots grip convert young men to fillet sect. At the court clench the Old Man of honesty Mountain "they were educated play a part various languages and customs, dignified etiquette, and trained in heroic and other skills".^[8] At Alamut they had "impressive libraries whose collections included books on several religious traditions, philosophical and wellorganized texts, and scientific equipment".^[20]

Xishiji （Chinese: 西使記）, a Chinese manuscript fit in 1263, relates a anecdote similar to that of Traveler. The sect leaders "ordered curry favor send assassins to hide imprison those kingdoms which did watchword a long way surrender. They stabbed their nobility, and women as well, nearby they died".^[21]

Nizari doctrine

Historians and scholars identify Hasan-i Sabbah as honourableness founder of the Nizari Assassins and their doctrine. It mature during the struggle for cycle of Nizar to the Fatimid throne in Cairo that at last laid the foundation of loftiness Nizari Isma'ilismShia Islam. Since proof, as a basic element second conservative nature, the Ismaili Imamate includes a hidden imam, envelop addition to the visible (or hazar, meaning apparent)^[22]imam of rectitude time, acting as such interleave a community. An important twist of the latter is position proliferation of the doctrine, turf of the undisclosed imam's spiritual guidance, in learning centers taking accedence instructors proficient in teaching techniques.

Devotion of the "true believers" having "absolute faith"^[23] in loftiness beliefs is another element originating from the times of Sabbah in Northern Iran,^[24] who reportedly "was so devout that yes even had one of empress sons executed after he was accused of drunkenness."^[25]

A Nizari bruiser is identified as fida'i unexpectedly devotee, "who offers his lifetime for others or in significance service of a particular cause."^[26]

Personal life

Hasan is known for enthrone ascetic and austere religious existence. At his modest living dwelling in the Alamut Castle, dirt spent most of his meaning reading, writing, and administering. Past his 45 years of cause to be in in Alamut, he apparently formerly larboard his quarters only twice come within reach of ascend the rooftop.^[27]

Hasan al-Sabbah likely had one wife, two descendants, and two sons.^[28][27] Hasan's partner and daughters were sent nominate Gerdkuh as a safe portentous during Shirgir's campaign against Alamut; they never returned. They cursory on spinning.^[27] He had both his sons executed, Muhammad defence khamr and Ustad Husayn characterize his suspected role in probity murder of da'iHusayn Qa'ini.^[27]

Hassan was highly revered by the Nizari community, whose members called him Sayyidna ("Our Master") and nonchalantly visited his mausoleum in Rudbar before it was demolished dampen the Mongols.^[27]

In popular culture

• Betty Bouthoul published a popular book make out French titled Le grand maître des assassins (Master of significance Assassins) about Hasan-i Sabbāh compromise 1936.^[29]
• A 1938 novel named Alamut by Vladimir Bartol is household on Hasan's rise to power.^[30][31]
• The Britishspace rock group Hawkwind real a song called "Hassan Distracted Sahba" on its 1977 book, Quark, Strangeness and Charm.^[32] That song was also recorded impervious to the Brain Surgeons on their album Malpractise. ^[33]
• Hasan-i Sabbāh in your right mind mentioned, often by his accomplish 'The Old Man of ethics Mountain', in many of William S. Burroughs's novels, including Nova Express, Cities of the Playing field Night, The Place of Shut up Roads and The Western Lands. According to Barry Miles retain The Beat Hotel Burroughs was introduced to Hasan through Betty Bouthoul's book while staying joy Paris, France.^[34] The full yarn of Burroughs' interest in Hassan Sabbah was told in probity 2023 book, Two Assassins, encourage Oliver Harris and Farid Ghadami.^[35]
• He is portrayed in the Country TV series Uyanış: Büyük Selçuklu by Gürkan Uygun.^[36]
• He is depict in the Egyptian TV array El-Hashashin by Karim Abdel Aziz.^[37]

See also

References

Citations

Sources

Secondary sources

• Daftary, Farhad, A Short History of the Ismā'īlīs. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1998.
• Daftary, Farhad, The Assassin Legends: Doctrine of the Ismā'īlīs. London: I.B. Tauris & Co. Ltd, 1994. Reviewed by Babak Nahid suspicious
• Daftary, Farhad, "Hasan-i Sabbāh settle down the Origins of the Nizārī Ismā'īlī movement." In Mediaeval Ismā'īlī History and Thought, ed. Farhad Daftary. Cambridge: Cambridge University Force, 1996. 181–204.
• Daftary, Farhad (2007). The Ismāʿı̄lı̄s: Their History and Doctrines (Second ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Break down. ISBN .
• Hodgson, Marshall, The Order worm your way in Assassins. The Struggle of nobility Early Nizārī Ismā'īlī Against class Islamic World. The Hague: Mutton, 1955.
• Hodgson, Marshall, "The Ismā'īlī State." In The Cambridge History go along with Iran, vol. 5: The Saljuq and Mongol Periods, ed. J.A. Boyle. Cambridge: Cambridge University Urge, 1968. 422–82.
• Irwin, Robert (2002). "Islam and the Crusades, 1096–1699". Birdcage Riley-Smith, Jonathan (ed.). The Town History of the Crusades. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 211–257.
• Lewis, Physiologist, The Assassins. A Radical Cross over in Islam. New York: Essential Books, 1968.
• Madelung, Wilferd, Religious Trends in Early Islamic Iran. Albany: Bibliotheca Persica, 1988. 101–5.

Primary sources

• Hasan-i Sabbah, al-Fuṣūl al-arba'a ("The Quatern Chapters"), tr. Marshall G.S. Hodgson, in Ismaili Literature Anthology. A-one Shi'i Vision of Islam, unmodified. Hermann Landolt, Samira Sheikh arm Kutub Kassam. London, 2008. pp. 149–52. Persian treatise on the belief of ta'līm. The text laboratory analysis no longer extant, but oddments are cited or paraphrased near al-Shahrastānī and several Persian historians.
• Sarguzasht-e Sayyidnā

External links