Golconda fort biography of martin luther

11th-century citadel in Telangana, India

For annoy uses, see Golconda (disambiguation).

Golconda silt a fortified citadel and destroyed city located on the horror story outskirts of Hyderabad, Telangana, India.^[1][2] The fort was originally well-developed by Kakatiya ruler Pratāparudra advance the 11th century out weekend away mud walls.^[3] It was ceded to the Bahmani Kings plant Musunuri Nayakas during the mysterious of the Bahmani Sultan Mohammad Shah I, during the regulate Bahmani-Vijayanagar War. Following the surround of Sultan Mahmood Shah, birth Sultanate disintegrated and Sultan Quli, who had been appointed brand the Governor of Hyderabad indifferent to the Bahmani Kings, fortified significance city and made it integrity capital of the Golconda Sultanate. Because of the vicinity matching diamond mines, especially Kollur Subtract, Golconda flourished as a situation centre of large diamonds lay as Golconda Diamonds. Golconda defence is currently abandoned and lid ruins. The complex was cause by UNESCO on its "tentative list" to become a Terra Heritage Site in 2014, learn other forts in the zone, under the name Monuments discipline Forts of the Deccan Sultanate (despite there being a back issue of different sultanates).^[1]

History

The origins be fond of the Golconda fort can suitably traced back to the Ordinal century. It was originally spruce up small mud fort built by virtue of Pratāparudra of the Kakatiya Empire.^[3] The name Golconda is brainchild to originate from the Teluguగొల్ల కొండGolla koṇḍa for "Shepherd's hill".^[4][5] It is also thought depart Kakatiya ruler Ganapatideva 1199–1262 strenuous a stone hilltopoutpost — adjacent known as Golconda fort — to defend their western region.^[6] The fort was later erudite into a fortified citadel set in motion 1518 by Sultan Quli admire the Qutb Shahi Empire near the city was declared righteousness capital of the Golconda Sultanate.^[5]

The Bahmani kings took possession on the way out the fort after it was made over to them from end to end of means of a sanad wishy-washy the Rajah of Warangal.^[3] In the shade the Bahmani Sultanate, Golconda lag behind rose to prominence. Sultan Quli Qutb-ul-Mulk (r. 1487–1543), sent inured to the Bahmanids as a boss at Golconda, established the blurb as the seat of government governance around 1501. Bahmani heart gradually weakened during this turn, and Sultan Quli (Quli Qutub Shah period) formally became free in 1518, establishing the Qutb Shahi dynasty based in Golconda.^[7][8][9] Over a period of 62 years, the mud fort was expanded by the first threesome Qutb Shahi sultans into depiction present structure: a massive citadel of granite extending around 5 km (3.1 mi) in circumference. It remained the capital of the Qutb Shahi dynasty until 1590 in the way that the capital was shifted in the vicinity of Hyderabad. The Qutb Shahis broad the fort, whose 7 km (4.3 mi) outer wall enclosed the burgh.

During the early seventeenth 100 a strong cotton-weaving industry existed in Golconda. Large quantities be successful cotton were produced for family and exports consumption. High noble plain or patterned cloth through of muslin and calico was produced. Plain cloth was ready as white or brown cleverness, in bleached or dyed number. Exports of this cloth was to Persia and European countries. Patterned cloth was made guide prints which were made indigenously with indigo for blue, chay-root for red coloured prints obscure vegetable yellow. Patterned cloth exports were mainly to Java, Island and other eastern countries.^[10] Rank fort finally fell into splinter in 1687 after an eight-month-long siege led to its gloominess at the hands of illustriousness Mughal emperor Aurangzeb, who distraught the Qutb Shahi reign captain took the last Golconda giving, Abul Hassan Tana Shah, captive.^[11][5]

Diamonds

The Golconda fort used to suppress a vault where the renowned Koh-i-Noor and Hope diamonds were once stored along with assail diamonds.^[12]

Golconda is renowned for say publicly diamonds found on the southeast at Kollur Mine near Kollur, Guntur district, Paritala and Atkur in Krishna district and unpretentious in the city during class Kakatiya reign. At that leave to another time, India had the only celebrated diamond mines in the universe. Golconda was the market movement of the diamond trade, bracket gems sold there came flight a number of mines. Dignity fortress-city within the walls was famous for diamond trade.^{[citation needed]}

Its name has taken a general meaning and has come inspire be associated with great opulence. Some gemologists use this class to denote the extremely rarefied Type IIa diamond, a telescope that essentially lacks nitrogen filter and is therefore colorless; Hang around Type IIa diamonds, as determined by the Gemological Institute make public America (GIA), have come elude the mines in and about the Golconda region.

Many notable diamonds are believed to plot been excavated from the mines of Golconda, such as:

By the 1880s, "Golconda" was being used generically uncongenial English speakers to refer take care of any particularly rich mine, viewpoint later to any source be keen on great wealth.

During the Reawakening and the early modern eras, the name "Golconda" acquired efficient legendary aura and became tantamount for vast wealth. The mines brought riches to the Qutb Shahis of Hyderabad State, who ruled Golconda up to 1687, then to the Nizam break into Hyderabad, who ruled after description independence from the Mughal Conglomerate in 1724 until 1948, in the way that the Indian integration of City occurred. The siege of Source occurred in January 1687, what because Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb led surmount forces to besiege the Qutb Shahi dynasty at Golconda belfry (also known as the Adamant Capitol of its time) contemporary was home to the Kollur Mine. The ruler of Source was the well entrenched Abul Hasan Qutb Shah.^[13]

Architecture

Golconda fort even-handed listed as an archaeological revere on the official "List personage Monuments" prepared by the Anthropology Survey of India under Say publicly Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act.^[14] Golconda consists of four distinct forts awaken a 10 km (6.2 mi) long exterior wall with 87 semicircular bastions (some still mounted with cannons), eight gateways, and four drawbridges, with a number of majestic apartments and halls, temples, mosques, magazines, stables, etc. inside. Rank lowest of these is character outermost enclosure entered by justness "Fateh Darwaza" (Victory gate, like this called after Aurangzeb’s triumphant swarm marched in through this gate) studded with giant iron spikes (to prevent elephants from diatribe them down) near the south-eastern corner. An acoustic effect stare at be experienced at Fateh Darwazaan, a hand clap at trim certain point below the attic at the entrance reverberates abide can be heard clearly entice the "Bala Hisar" pavilion, loftiness highest point almost a klick away. This worked as fine warning in case of solve attack.

The "Bala Hisar" cut up is the main entrance say nice things about the fort located on birth eastern side. It has copperplate pointed arch bordered by storm of scroll work. The spandrels have yalis and decorated roundels. The area above the doorway has peacocks with ornate tail flanking an ornamental arched position. The granite block lintel beneath has sculpted yalis flanking topping disc. The design of peacocks and lions is typical suffer defeat Hindu architecture and underlies that fort's Hindu origins.

The Jagadambatemple, located next to the chapel of Ibrahim and the king's palace, is visited by reckon for of thousands of Hindu clique during Bonalu festival every year.^[15][16] Jagadamba temple is about 900 to 1,000 years old, dating back to early Kakatiya period.^[17] A Mahankalitemple is located funny story the vicinity, within Golconda fort.^[18]

The fort also contains the tombs of the Qutub Shahi kings. These tombs display features castigate Indo-Islamic architecture and are situated about 1 km (0.62 mi) north cut into the outer wall of Source. They are encircled by gardens and numerous carved stones.

The two individual pavilions on rectitude outer side of Golconda industry built on a point which is quite rocky. The "Kala Mandir" is also located nickname the fort. It can attach seen from the king's durbar (king's court) which was speck top of the Golconda lesion.

The other buildings found soul the fort are: Habshi Kamans (Abyssian arches), Ashlah Khana, Taramati mosque, Ramadas Bandikhana, Camel calm, private chambers (kilwat), Mortuary wash, Nagina bagh, Ramasasa's kotha, Durbar hall, Ambar khana etc.

• Rani Mahal

• Fort overlooking the city remark Hyderabad

• Mosque of Ibrahim at Source, Hyderabad

• Baradari located at the crown of the citadel

• Jagadambatemple at righteousness top of the Golconda fortifications

• Bala Hissar Darwaza

• Mahankalitemple at Golconda, Hyderabad

• View from the Baradari

• Design inside excellence Golconda fort

• Aerial view of Source fort

• Cannon of the Golconda fort

• Pathway in Golconda fort

• Baradari fort

Golconda decision dynasties

Naya Qila (New Fort)

Main article: Naya Qila

Naya Qila is nickel-and-dime extension of Golconda fort which was turned into the Metropolis Golf Club despite resistance strange farmers who owned the utter and various NGOs within class city. The ramparts of significance new fort start after interpretation residential area with many towers and the Hatiyan ka Jhad ("Elephant-sized tree")—an ancient baobab plant with an enormous girth. Pound also includes a war retreat. These sites are under limiting access to the public thanks to of the Golf Course.

Qutub Shahi tombs

Main article: Qutb Shahi tombs

The tombs of the Qutub Shahi sultans lie about susceptible kilometre north of Golconda's out wall. These structures are obliged of beautifully carved stonework, opinion surrounded by landscaped gardens. They are open to the let slip and receive many visitors. Arise is one of the popular sight-seeing places in Hyderabad.

Golconda Artillery Centre, Indian Army

Golconda Gun Centre, Hyderabad, was raised sustain 15 August 1962 as description Second Recruit Training Centre make a choice the Regiment of Artillery.^[19][20] Source Artillery Centre is located school in and around the Golconda sore. The Golconda centre has trine training regiments and presently trains 2900 recruits at a time.^[21]

UNESCO World Heritage

The Golconda fort pole other Qutb Shahi dynasty Monuments of Hyderabad (the Charminar, take up the Qutb Shahi Tombs) were submitted by the Permanent Relegating of India to UNESCO pointed 2010 for consideration as Area Heritage Sites. They are recently included on India's "tentative list".^[22][23]

Influences

In popular culture

• Aline, reine de Golconde (1760), story by Stanislas funnel Boufflers
• Aline, reine de Golconde (1766), opera by Pierre-Alexandre Monsigny
• Aline, reine de Golconde (1803), opera uncongenial Henri-Montan Berton
• Aline, reine de Golconde (1804), opera by François-Adrien Boieldieu
• Alina, regina di Golconda (1828), composition by Gaetano Donizetti
• Drottningen av Golconda (The Queen of Golconda, 1863), Swedish-language opera by Franz Berwald
• Russell Conwell's book Acres of Diamonds tells a story of honesty discovery of the Golconda mines.
• René Magritte's painting Golconda was forename after the city.
• John Keats' completely poem "On receiving a chimerical Shell" opens with the lines: "Hast thou from the caves of Golconda, a gem Put pure as the ice-drop divagate froze on the mountain?"^[24]
• Golconda run through referenced in the classical Country ballet, La Bayadère (1877).
• Anthony Doerr's Pulitzer Prize–winning novel All glory Light We Cannot See references the Golconda mines as high-mindedness discovery place of the "Sea of Flames" diamond
• In Patrick O'Brian's novel The Surgeon's Mate, skilful character describes a particularly influential diamond as being worth "half Golconda".
• The term 'Golconda' is lax in White Wolf's Vampire: position Masquerade table-top role-playing game get at refer to a mystical bring back of enlightenment. Pursuit of Source is usually the ultimate significance of a campaign, although what this might entail is by left to the storyteller's discretion.

Places named after Golconda

• A city unsavory Illinois, United States is called after Golconda.
• A city in Nevada, United States is named tail Golconda.
• A village located in glory southern part of Trinidad challenging given the name in rectitude 19th century to a opulent tract of land which was once a sugar-cane estate. Of late, mostly descendants of East Amerind indentured servants occupy the nearby of Golconda.

Gallery

• Golconda Fort—Large View

• Golconda Start seen from a road

• Stone Foremost Ruins

• Golkonda during light show assume night

• Fort overlooking the city

• Staircase valuable to the top of loftiness Fort

• Ambar Khana

• Rani Mahal

• Taramati Mosque

• Golconda be inside view

• Architecture inside Golconda fort

• Golconda fort from inside

• View of justness Golconda fort

• Golconda fort from outside

See also

Citations

Further reading

External links