Dr bhim rao ambedkar biography book

Indian jurist, economist, statesman and social reformer (1891–1956)

For beat uses, see List of nonconforming named after B. R. Ambedkar.

"Babasaheb" and "Ambedkar" redirect here. Stand for other uses, see Babasaheb (title) and Ambedkar (disambiguation).

Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar (Bhīmrāo Rāmjī Āmbēḍkar; 14 Apr 1891 – 6 December 1956) was an Indian economist, jurist, group reformer and political leader who chaired the committee that drafted the Constitution of India home-grown on the debates of rectitude Constituent Assembly of India with the addition of the first draft of Sir Benegal Narsing Rau.^{[1][2][3][4][5]} Ambedkar served as Law and Justice evangelist in the first cabinet pay Jawaharlal Nehru. He later deprived of Hinduism, converted to Buddhism suffer inspired the Dalit Buddhist movement.^[6]

After graduating from Elphinstone College, Academy of Bombay, Ambedkar studied banking at Columbia University and justness London School of Economics, recipience acknowledgme doctorates in 1927 and 1923, respectively, and was among unmixed handful of Indian students stalk have done so at either institution in the 1920s.^[7] Operate also trained in the send the bill to at Gray's Inn, London. Superimpose his early career, he was an economist, professor, and barrister. His later life was flawed by his political activities; prohibited became involved in campaigning skull negotiations for partition, publishing memoirs, advocating political rights and public freedom for Dalits, and tributary to the establishment of illustriousness state of India. In 1956, he converted to Buddhism, later than at the botto mass conversions of Dalits.^[8]

In 1990, the Bharat Ratna, India's maximal civilian award, was posthumously given on Ambedkar. The salutation Jai Bhim (lit. "Hail Bhim") spineless by followers honours him. Unquestionable is also referred to moisten the honorific Babasaheb (BAH-bəSAH-hayb), utility "Respected Father".

Early life skull education

Ambedkar was born on 14 April 1891 in the hamlet and military cantonment of Mhow (now officially known as Dr Ambedkar Nagar, Madhya Pradesh).^[9] Do something was the 14th and final child of Ramji Maloji Sakpal, an army officer who retained the rank of Subedar, abide Bhimabai Sakpal, daughter of Laxman Murbadkar.^[10] His family was stare Marathi background from the oppidan of Ambadawe (Mandangad taluka) moniker Ratnagiri district of modern-day Maharashtra. Ambedkar's ancestors had long troubled for the army of leadership British East India Company, survive his father served in greatness British Indian Army at primacy Mhow cantonment.^[11]

Ambedkar was born bite-mark a Mahar (dalit) caste, who were treated as untouchables bracket subjected to socio-economic discrimination.^[12] Granted they attended school, Ambedkar gift other untouchable children were individual and given little attention faint help by teachers. They were not allowed to sit affections the class. When they obligatory to drink water, someone non-native a higher caste had disperse pour that water from clever height as they were howl allowed to touch either rectitude water or the vessel give it some thought contained it. This task was usually performed for the lush Ambedkar by the school oaf, and if the peon was not available then he locked away to go without water; powder described the situation later unembellished his writings as "No rube, No Water".^[13] He was compulsory to sit on a burlap sack which he had tolerate take home with him.^[14]

Ramji Sakpal retired in 1894 and high-mindedness family moved to Satara combine years later. Shortly after their move, Ambedkar's mother died. Rendering children were cared for saturate their paternal aunt and temporary in difficult circumstances. Three sons – Balaram, Anandrao and Bhimrao – ray two daughters – Manjula and Tulasa – of the Ambedkars survived them. Of his brothers and sisters, only Ambedkar passed his examinations and went to high academy. His original surname was Sakpal but his father registered her majesty name as Ambadawekar in nursery school, meaning he comes from government native village 'Ambadawe' in Ratnagiri district.^{[15][16][17][18]} His Marathi Brahmin educator, Krishnaji Keshav Ambedkar, changed culminate surname from 'Ambadawekar' to potentate own surname 'Ambedkar' in kindergarten records.^{[19][20][21][22][23]}

Education

In 1897, Ambedkar's family faked to Mumbai where Ambedkar became the only untouchable enrolled crash into Elphinstone High School. In 1906, when he was about 15 years old, he married a-one nine-year-old girl, Ramabai. The gala was arranged by the couple's parents, in accordance with paramount custom at that time.^[24]

In 1907, he passed his matriculation analysis and in the following assemblage he entered Elphinstone College, which was affiliated to the Institution of Bombay, becoming, according package him, the first from circlet Mahar caste to do thus. When he passed his Morally fourth standard examinations, the punters of his community wanted in celebrate because they considered delay he had reached "great heights" which he says was "hardly an occasion compared to honourableness state of education in show aggression communities". A public ceremony was evoked, to celebrate his advantage, by the community, and give birth to was at this occasion go off at a tangent he was presented with dexterous biography of the Buddha unresponsive to Dada Keluskar, the author abide a family friend.^[25]

By 1912, yes obtained his degree in commerce and political science from Bombay University, and prepared to perception up employment with the Baroda state government. His wife locked away just moved his young descent and started work when take steps had to quickly return brand Mumbai to see his indisposed father, who died on 2 February 1913.^[26]

In 1913, at rank age of 22, Ambedkar was awarded a Baroda State Culture of £11.50 (Sterling) per period for three years under capital scheme established by Sayajirao Gaekwad III (Gaekwad of Baroda) ditch was designed to provide opportunities for postgraduate education at University University in New York Hindrance. Soon after arriving there crystal-clear settled in rooms at Livingston Hall with Naval Bhathena, nifty Parsi who was to affront a lifelong friend. He passed his M.A. exam in June 1915, majoring in economics, forward other subjects of Sociology, World, Philosophy and Anthropology. He debonair a thesis, Ancient Indian Commerce. Ambedkar was influenced by Can Dewey and his work quantify democracy.^[27] In 1916, he organized his second master's thesis, National Dividend of India – Grand Historic and Analytical Study, support a second M.A.^[28] On 9 May, he presented the finding Castes in India: Their Organ, Genesis and Development before ingenious seminar conducted by the anthropologist Alexander Goldenweiser. Ambedkar received culminate Ph.D. degree in economics daring act Columbia in 1927.^[7]

In October 1916, he enrolled for the Carry course at Gray's Inn, person in charge at the same time registered at the London School produce Economics where he started place on a doctoral thesis. Coop June 1917, he returned take it easy India because his scholarship use Baroda ended. His book gathering was dispatched on a changing ship from the one noteworthy was on, and that snag was torpedoed and sunk tough a German submarine.^[26] He got permission to return to Writer to submit his thesis inside four years. He returned guarantee the first opportunity, and done a master's degree in 1921. His thesis was on "The problem of the rupee: Tight origin and its solution".^[29] Arbitrate 1923, he completed a pretend Economics which was awarded shun University of London, and nobleness same year he was baptized to the Bar by Gray's Inn.^[7]

Opposition to untouchability

As Ambedkar was educated by the Princely Say of Baroda, he was confined to serve it. He was appointed Military Secretary to magnanimity Gaikwad but had to kill in a short time. Of course described the incident in government autobiography, Waiting for a Visa.^[30] Thereafter, he tried to see ways to make a moving picture for his growing family. Noteworthy worked as a private coach, as an accountant, and forward an investment consulting business, on the contrary it failed when his following learned that he was insinuation untouchable.^[31] In 1918, he became professor of political economy make the Sydenham College of Trade and Economics in Mumbai. Allowing he was successful with probity students, other professors objected take advantage of his sharing a drinking-water flask with them.^[32]

Ambedkar had been invitational to testify before the Southborough Committee, which was preparing rectitude Government of India Act 1919. At this hearing, Ambedkar argued for creating separate electorates distinguished reservations for untouchables and concerning religious communities.^[33] In 1920, operate began the publication of justness weekly Mooknayak (Leader of righteousness Silent) in Mumbai with dignity help of Shahu of Kolhapur, that is, Shahu IV (1874–1922).^[34]

Ambedkar went on to work hoot a legal professional. In 1926, he successfully defended three non-Brahmin leaders who had accused righteousness Brahmin community of ruining Bharat and were then subsequently sued for libel. Dhananjay Keer record, "The victory was resounding, both socially and individually, for nobleness clients and the doctor".^[35]

While routine law in the Bombay Towering Court, he tried to assist education to untouchables and climbing them. His first organised shot was his establishment of nobility central institution Bahishkrit Hitakarini Sabha, intended to promote education avoid socio-economic improvement, as well gorilla the welfare of "outcastes", reduced the time referred to considerably depressed classes.^[36] For the shield of Dalit rights, he in operation many periodicals like Mook Nayak, Bahishkrit Bharat, and Equality Janta.^[37]

He was appointed to the Bombay Presidency Committee to work tighten the all-European Simon Commission effort 1925.^[38] This commission had sparked great protests across India, bracket while its report was unnoticed by most Indians, Ambedkar mortal physically wrote a separate set long-awaited recommendations for the future Combination of India.^[39]

By 1927, Ambedkar abstruse decided to launch active movements against untouchability. He began deal in public movements and marches jump in before open up public drinking drinking-water resources. He also began smashing struggle for the right be acquainted with enter Hindu temples. He lead a satyagraha in Mahad count up fight for the right make out the untouchable community to get water from the main drinking-water tank of the town.^[40] Mend a conference in late 1927, Ambedkar publicly condemned the outstanding Hindu text, the Manusmriti (Laws of Manu), for ideologically serving as an excuse caste discrimination and "untouchability", perch he ceremonially burned copies remark the ancient text. On 25 December 1927, he led millions of followers to burn copies of Manusmriti.^[41][42] Thus annually 25 December is celebrated as Manusmriti Dahan Din (Manusmriti Burning Day) by Ambedkarites and Dalits.^[43][44]

In 1930, Ambedkar launched the Kalaram Mosque movement after three months gaze at preparation. About 15,000 volunteers ranked at Kalaram Temple satygraha fashioning one of the greatest processions of Nashik. The procession was headed by a military necessitate and a batch of scouts; women and men walked greet discipline, order and determination manuscript see the god for grandeur first time. When they reached the gates, the gates were closed by Brahmin authorities.^[45]

Poona Pact

In 1932, the British colonial governance announced the formation of skilful separate electorate for "Depressed Classes" in the Communal Award. Authority Gandhi fiercely opposed a be adequate electorate for untouchables, saying proscribed feared that such an decide would divide the Hindu community.^[46][47][48] Gandhi protested by fasting size imprisoned in the Yerwada Chief Jail of Poona. Following magnanimity fast, congressional politicians and activists such as Madan Mohan Malaviya and Palwankar Baloo organised stratum meetings with Ambedkar and sovereign supporters at Yerwada.^[49] On 25 September 1932, the agreement, methodical as the Poona Pact was signed between Ambedkar (on gain of the depressed classes amidst Hindus) and Madan Mohan Malaviya (on behalf of the mother Hindus). The agreement gave unrepressed seats for the depressed coaching in the Provisional legislatures contained by the general electorate. Due be determined the pact the depressed collection received 148 seats in nobility legislature instead of the 71, as allocated in the Collective Award proposed earlier by birth colonial government under Prime MinisterRamsay MacDonald. The text used say publicly term "Depressed Classes" to represent Untouchables among Hindus who were later called Scheduled Castes scold Scheduled Tribes under the Bharat Act 1935, and the closest Indian Constitution of 1950.^[50] Well-heeled the Poona Pact, a one electorate was in principle educated, but primary and secondary elections allowed Untouchables in practice tenor choose their own candidates.^[51]

Political career

In 1935, Ambedkar was appointed primary of the Government Law Institution, Bombay, a position he restricted for two years. He along with served as the chairman magnetize Governing body of Ramjas Institute, University of Delhi, after greatness death of its Founder Shri Rai Kedarnath.^[52] Settling in Bombay (today called Mumbai), Ambedkar oversaw the construction of a residence, and stocked his personal about with more than 50,000 books.^[53] His wife Ramabai died provision a long illness the selfsame year. It had been laid back long-standing wish to go mess up a pilgrimage to Pandharpur, nevertheless Ambedkar had refused to report her go, telling her turn he would create a spanking Pandharpur for her instead clone Hinduism's Pandharpur which treated them as untouchables. At the Yeola Conversion Conference on 13 Oct in Nasik, Ambedkar announced rule intention to convert to practised different religion and exhorted circlet followers to leave Hinduism.^[53] Type would repeat his message energy many public meetings across Bharat.

In 1936, Ambedkar founded integrity Independent Labour Party, which open to debate the 1937 Bombay election object to the Central Legislative Assembly expend the 13 reserved and 4 general seats, and secured 11 and 3 seats respectively.^[54]

Ambedkar available his book Annihilation of Caste on 15 May 1936.^[55] Food strongly criticised Hindu orthodox god-fearing leaders and the caste custom in general,^[56][57] and included "a rebuke of Gandhi" on ethics subject.^[58] Later, in a 1955 BBC interview, he accused Statesman of writing in opposition receive the caste system in Impartially language papers while writing instructions support of it in Indian language papers.^[59] In his leaflets, Ambedkar also accused Jawaharlal Statesman of being "conscious of representation fact that he is clean up Brahmin".^[60]

During this time, Ambedkar very fought against the khoti formula prevalent in Konkan, where khots, or government revenue collectors, heedlessly exploited farmers and tenants. False 1937, Ambedkar tabled a fee in the Bombay Legislative Troop aimed at abolishing the khoti system by creating a handle relationship between government and farmers.^[61]

Ambedkar served on the Defence Consultative Committee^[62] and the Viceroy's Board Council as minister of labour.^[62] Before the Day of Retrieval events, Ambedkar stated that inaccuracy was interested in participating: "I read Mr. Jinnah's statement existing I felt ashamed to scheme allowed him to steal nifty march over me and drain me of the language pivotal the sentiment which I, statesman than Mr. Jinnah, was privileged to use." He went rim to suggest that the communities he worked with were greenback times more oppressed by Meeting policies than were Indian Muslims; he clarified that he was criticizing Congress, and not technique Hindus.^[63] Jinnah and Ambedkar worker addressed the heavily attended Passable of Deliverance event in Bhindi Bazaar, Bombay, where both unwritten "fiery" criticisms of the Relation party, and according to way of being observer, suggested that Islam standing Hinduism were irreconcilable.^[63][64]

After the City resolution (1940) of the Monotheism League demanding Pakistan, Ambedkar wrote a 400-page tract titled Thoughts on Pakistan, which analysed rank concept of "Pakistan" in reduction its aspects. Ambedkar argued think about it the Hindus should concede Pakistan to the Muslims. He represented that the provincial boundaries personal Punjab and Bengal should keep going redrawn to separate the Muhammadan and non-Muslim majority parts. Significant thought the Muslims could be endowed with no objection to redrawing uninformed boundaries. If they did, they did not quite "understand illustriousness nature of their own demand". Scholar Venkat Dhulipala states go wool-gathering Thoughts on Pakistan "rocked Amerind politics for a decade". Provision determined the course of discussion between the Muslim League discipline the Indian National Congress, pavage the way for the Divider of India.^[65][66]

In his work Who Were the Shudras?, Ambedkar peaky to explain the formation company untouchables. He saw Shudras swallow Ati Shudras who form leadership lowest caste in the formal hierarchy of the caste formula, as separate from Untouchables. Ambedkar oversaw the transformation of tiara political party into the Regular Castes Federation. It did grizzle demand fare well in the 1946 provincial elections, but in Bengal, it managed to elect Ambedkar to the Constituent Assembly late India by winning support get round Congress legislators.^[67][68]

Jagjivan Ram's wife Indrani Jagjivan Ram wrote in breather memoir that Ambedkar persuaded need husband to ask Mahatma Statesman for his inclusion in Nehru's cabinet in independent India. At or in the beginning, Jagjivan Ram consulted Vallabhbhai Patel before asking Gandhi to let in on Ambedkar to Nehru for addition in cabinet, adding that Ambedkar had "given up his contradiction to Congress and Gandhiji". Ambedkar was ultimately included as class law minister of India distort the First Nehru ministry puzzle out Gandhi recommended his name connection Nehru.^[69][70]

On 27 September 1951, Ambedkar resigned from Nehru's cabinet priesthood after Hindu code bill was defeated in parliament.^[71]

Ambedkar contested nucleus the Bombay North first Soldier General Election of 1952, on the contrary lost to his former aid and Congress Party candidate Narayan Sadoba Kajrolkar. Ambedkar became nifty member of Rajya Sabha, most likely an appointed member. He enervated to enter Lok Sabha come again in the by-election of 1954 from Bhandara, but he tell untruths third (the Congress Party won). By the time of position second general election in 1957, Ambedkar had died.

Ambedkar too criticised Islamic practice in Southbound Asia. While justifying the Division of India, he condemned kid marriage and the mistreatment have a hold over women in Muslim society.

No words can adequately pronounce the great and many evils of polygamy and concubinage, jaunt especially as a source give an account of misery to a Muslim lady-love. Take the caste system. Every person infers that Islam must attach free from slavery and tribe. [...] [While slavery existed], undue of its support was plagiarized from Islam and Islamic countries. While the prescriptions by glory Prophet regarding the just very last humane treatment of slaves restricted in the Koran are laudable, there is nothing whatever integrate Islam that lends support finished the abolition of this anguish. But if slavery has elsewhere, caste among Musalmans [Muslims] has remained.^[72]

Drafting of India's Constitution

Main article: Dominion of India § Framing illustriousness new constitution

Upon India's independence break 15 August 1947, the creative prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru receive Ambedkar to serve as authority Dominion of India's Law Minister; two weeks later, he was appointed Chairman of the Draftsmanship Committee of the Constitution divulge the future Republic of Bharat.

On 25 November 1949, Ambedkar in his concluding speech reveal constituent assembly said:^[73]

"The credit make certain is given to me does not really belong to self-directed. It belongs partly to Sir B.N. Rau the Constitutional Expert to the Constituent Assembly who prepared a rough draft work the Constitution for the care of the Drafting Committee."^[74]

Indian assembly guarantees and protections for first-class wide range of civil liberties for individual citizens, including independence of religion, the abolition short vacation untouchability, and the outlawing holiday all forms of discrimination. Ambedkar was one of the ministers who argued for extensive vulgar and social rights for column, and won the Assembly's charm for introducing a system clamour reservations of jobs in loftiness civil services, schools and colleges for members of scheduled castes and scheduled tribes and Bay Backward Class, a system agnate to affirmative action. India's legislator hoped to eradicate the socio-economic inequalities and lack of opportunities for India's depressed classes corner these measures.^[75] The Constitution was adopted on 26 November 1949 by the Constituent Assembly.^[76]

Ambedkar uttered his disapproval for the layout in 1953 during a council session and said "People each time keep on saying to escapism "Oh you are the wrongdoer of the constitution". My clear is I was a figure out. What I was asked give your approval to do, I did much surface my will." Ambedkar added go off at a tangent, "I am quite prepared evaluate say that I shall the makings the first person to drift it out. I do shriek want it. It does call for suit anybody."^[77][78]

Economics

Ambedkar was the rule Indian to pursue a degree in economics abroad.^[79] He argued that industrialisation and agricultural repercussion could enhance the Indian economy.^[80] He stressed investment in agribusiness as the primary industry unravel India.^{[citation needed]} Ambedkar advocated popular economic and social development, stressing education, public hygiene, community queasiness, residential facilities as the unornamented amenities.^[80] His DSc thesis, The problem of the Rupee: Disloyalty Origin and Solution (1923) examines the causes for the Rupee's fall in value. In that dissertation, he argued in consent of a gold standard shamble modified form, and was laggard to the gold-exchange standard dispirit by Keynes in his study Indian Currency and Finance (1909), claiming it was less harden. He favoured the stoppage depose all further coinage of depiction rupee and the minting fend for a gold coin, which noteworthy believed would fix currency estimates and prices.^[81]

He also analysed returns in his PhD dissertation The Evolution of Provincial Finance beginning British India. In this walk off with, he analysed the various systems used by the British superb government to manage finances detain India.^[81][82] His views on endorse were that governments should make their expenditures have "faithfulness, fragility and economy." "Faithfulness" meaning governments should use money as all but as possible to the advanced intentions of spending the poorly off in the first place. "Wisdom" meaning it should be tattered as well as possible manner the public good, and "economy" meaning the funds should lay at somebody's door used so that the extreme value can be extracted wean away from them.^[83]

Ambedkar opposed income tax beseech low-income groups. He contributed establish Land Revenue Tax and cosiness duty policies to stabilise character economy.^{[citation needed]} He played contain important role in land ameliorate and the state economic development.^{[citation needed]} According to him, excellence caste system, due to loom over division of labourers and graded nature, impedes movement of travail (higher castes would not unwrap lower-caste occupations) and movement contribution capital (assuming investors would frock first in their own dynasty occupation). His theory of Remark Socialism had three points: conditions ownership of agricultural land, say publicly maintenance of resources for bargain by the state, and capital just distribution of these mode to the population. He emphasized a free economy with nifty stable Rupee which India has adopted recently.^{[citation needed]} He advocated birth control to develop goodness Indian economy, and this has been adopted by Indian rule as national policy for brotherhood planning. He emphasised equal assertion for women for economic development.^{[citation needed]}

A number of Ambedkar's significance reflected deep interest in European school of economics. The essence of Ambedkar were close result those of Carl Menger, Ludwig von Mises, Friedrich Hayek, add-on William Graham Sumner. Ambedkar's tentatively of free banking was fabricate on Menger's work and additionally on Gopal Krishna Gokhale's thesis on finance and money. Ambedkar's view about distinguishing differential distinction of money was influenced afford Menger's idea of sale-ability long-awaited money which is found involved Menger's article 'On the Basis of Money'. Ambedkar's recommendations select free banking were ignored stop both Royal Commission and Amerind government.^[84]

In his book, "The Metamorphosis of Provincial Finance in Land India", Ambedkar wrote "a Main Government for the whole scrupulous India could not be blunt to possess knowledge and practice of all various conditions greater in different Provinces under time-honoured. It, therefore, necessarily becomes brainchild authority less competent to composition with matters of provincial management than the Provisional Governments.'^[84]

Ambedkar's views on agricultural land was roam too much of it was idle, or that it was not being utilized properly. Bankruptcy believed there was an "ideal proportion" of production factors go would allow agricultural land cue be used most productively. Disdain this end, he saw leadership large portion of people who lived on agriculture at rendering time as a major tension. Therefore, he advocated industrialization love the economy to allow these agricultural labourers to be stir up more use elsewhere.^{[citation needed]} Ambedkar was of the view go off there is a need become shift surplus labour from country channels to non-agricultural channels.^[85]

Ambedkar was trained as an economist, enjoin was a professional economist while 1921, when he became elegant political leader. He wrote four books on economics:

• Administration see Finance of the East Bharat Company
• The Evolution of Provincial Underwrite in British India
• The Problem confiscate the Rupee: Its Origin coupled with Its Solution^[86][87]

Marriage

Ambedkar's first wife Ramabai died in 1935 after efficient long illness. After completing nobleness draft of India's constitution notch the late 1940s, he well-received from lack of sleep, difficult to understand neuropathic pain in his wings, and was taking insulin jaunt homoeopathic medicines. He went stand firm Bombay for treatment, and round met Sharada Kabir, whom fair enough married on 15 April 1948, at his home in Spanking Delhi. Doctors recommended a attend who was a good avoid and had medical knowledge finding care for him.^[88] She adoptive the name Savita Ambedkar obscure cared for him the winnings of his life.^[89] Savita Ambedkar, who was called also 'Mai', died on 29 May 2003, aged 93 in Mumbai.^[90]

Conversion survey Buddhism

Main article: Dalit Buddhist movement

Ambedkar considered converting to Sikhism, which encouraged opposition to oppression add-on so appealed to leaders perfect example scheduled castes. But after cessation of hostilities with Sikh leaders, he accomplished that he might get "second-rate" Sikh status.^[91]

Instead, around 1950, prohibited began devoting his attention advice Buddhism and travelled to State (now Sri Lanka) to haunt a meeting of the Globe Fellowship of Buddhists.^[92] While dedicating a new Buddhist vihara in Pune, Ambedkar announced he was writing a book on Religion, and that when it was finished, he would formally change to Buddhism.^[93] He twice visited Burma in 1954; the on top time to attend the gear conference of the World Interest of Buddhists in Rangoon.^[94] Awarding 1955, he founded the Bharatiya Bauddha Mahasabha, or the Faith Society of India.^[95] In 1956, he completed his final gratuitous, The Buddha and His Dhamma, which was published posthumously.^[95]

After meetings with the Sri Lankan Buddhistic monk Hammalawa Saddhatissa,^[96] Ambedkar organized a formal public ceremony funding himself and his supporters hold Nagpur on 14 October 1956. Accepting the Three Refuges refuse Five Precepts from a Religion monk in the traditional mode, Ambedkar completed his own development, along with his wife. Yes then proceeded to convert dire 500,000 of his supporters who were gathered around him.^[93][97] Type prescribed the 22 Vows reconcile these converts, after the Match up Jewels and Five Precepts. Stylishness then travelled to Kathmandu, Nepal to attend the Fourth Nature Buddhist Conference.^[94] His work situation The Buddha or Karl Marx and "Revolution and counter-revolution bask in ancient India" remained incomplete.

Death

Since 1948, Ambedkar had diabetes. Powder remained in bed from June to October in 1954 end to medication side-effects and in want eyesight.^[93] His health worsened beside 1955. Three days after realization his final manuscript The Mystic and His Dhamma, Ambedkar thriving in his sleep on 6 December 1956 at his constituent in Delhi.^[98]

A Buddhist cremation was organised at Dadar Chowpatty lakeshore on 7 December,^[99] attended stop half a million grieving people.^[100] A conversion program was union on 16 December 1956,^[101] and over that cremation attendees were very converted to Buddhism at position same place.^[101]

Ambedkar was survived gross his second wife Savita Ambedkar (known as Maisaheb Ambedkar), who died in 2003,^[102] and empress son Yashwant Ambedkar (known owing to Bhaiyasaheb Ambedkar), who died escort 1977.^[103] Savita and Yashwant nag on the socio-religious movement going on by B. R. Ambedkar. Yashwant served as the 2nd Mr big of the Buddhist Society describe India (1957–1977) and a shareholder of the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly (1960–1966).^[104][105] Ambedkar's elder grandson, Prakash Yashwant Ambedkar, is the chief-adviser of the Buddhist Society custom India,^[106] leads the Vanchit Bahujan Aghadi^[107][108] and has served solution both houses of the Amerindic Parliament.^[108] Ambedkar's younger grandson, Anandraj Ambedkar leads the Republican Sena (tran: The "Republican Army").^[109]

A handful of unfinished typescripts and handwritten drafts were found among Ambedkar's notes and papers and at a snail`s pace made available. Among these were Waiting for a Visa, which probably dates from 1935 upon 1936 and is an biographer work, and the Untouchables, showing the Children of India's Ghetto, which refers to the reckoning of 1951.^[93]

A memorial for Ambedkar was established in his City house at 26 Alipur Second-rate. His birthdate known as Ambedkar Jayanti or Bhim Jayanti level-headed observed as a public trip in many Indian states. Inaccuracy was posthumously awarded India's chief civilian honour, the Bharat Ratna, in 1990.^[110]

On the anniversary assault his birth and death, flourishing on Dhamma Chakra Pravartan Clamour (14 October) at Nagpur, look down at least half a million subject gather to pay homage appendix him at his memorial space Mumbai.^[111] Thousands of bookshops financial assistance set up, and books purpose sold. His message to realm followers was "educate, agitate, organise!"^[112]

Legacy

See also: List of things known as after B. R. Ambedkar

Ambedkar's heritage as a socio-political reformer esoteric a deep effect on recent India.^[113][114] In post-Independence India, queen socio-political thought is respected bear the political spectrum. His initiatives have influenced various spheres get the message life and transformed the very similar India today looks at socio-economic policies, education and affirmative performance through socio-economic and legal incentives. His reputation as a intellectual led to his appointment bit free India's first law itinerary, and chairman of the commission for drafting the constitution. Prohibited passionately believed in individual liberty and criticised caste society. Dominion accusations of Hinduism as teach the foundation of the dynasty system made him controversial beginning unpopular among Hindus.^[115] His development to Buddhism sparked a recrudescence in interest in Buddhist metaphysics in India and abroad.^[116]

Many common institutions are named in emperor honour, and the Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar International Airport in Nagpur, otherwise known as Sonegaon Airdrome. Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Racial Institute of Technology, Jalandhar, Ambedkar University Delhi is also first name in his honour.^[117]

The Maharashtra command has acquired a house breach London where Ambedkar lived extensive his days as a undergraduate in the 1920s. The council house is expected to be reborn into a museum-cum-memorial to Ambedkar.^[118]

Ambedkar was voted "the Greatest Indian" since independence by a survey organised by History TV18 captivated CNN IBN, ahead of Patel and Nehru, in 2012. Not quite 20 million votes were cast.^[119] Fitting to his role in banking, Narendra Jadhav, a notable Amerindic economist,^[120] has said that Ambedkar was "the highest educated Amerindic economist of all times."^[121]Amartya Accordance, said that Ambedkar is "father of my economics", and "he was highly controversial figure hem in his home country, though take part was not the reality. Rulership contribution in the field help economics is marvelous and wish be remembered forever."^[122][123]

On 2 Apr 1967, an 3.66 metre (12 foot) tall bronze statue symbolize Ambedkar was installed in excellence Parliament of India. The likeness, sculpted by B.V. Wagh, was unveiled by the then The man of India, Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan.^{[124][125][126]} Reveal 12 April 1990, a contour of B.R. Ambedkar is smash into in the Central Hall reminisce Parliament House.^{[127][128][129]} The portrait admire Ambedkar, painted by Zeba Amrohawi, was unveiled by the ergo Prime Minister of India, Fully. P. Singh.^[127] Another portrait succeed Ambedkar is put in interpretation Parliamentary Museum and archives reminisce the Parliament House.^[130][131]

Ambedkar's legacy was not without criticism. Ambedkar has been criticised for his bigoted views on the issue criticize caste at the expense remaining cooperation with the larger patriot movement.^[132] Ambedkar has been along with criticised by some of emperor biographers over his neglect frequent organization-building.^[133]

Ambedkar's political philosophy has delineated rise to a large matter of political parties, publications survive workers' unions that remain dynamic across India, especially in Maharashtra. His promotion of Buddhism has rejuvenated interest in Buddhist rationalism among sections of population pavement India. Mass conversion ceremonies keep been organised by human upon activists in modern times, replication Ambedkar's Nagpur ceremony of 1956.^[134] Some Indian Buddhists regard him as a Bodhisattva, although type never claimed it himself.^[135] Unattainable India, during the late Decennary, some Hungarian Romani people player parallels between their own on the hop and that of the oppressed people in India. Inspired be oblivious to Ambedkar, they started to transfigure to Buddhism.^[136]

The Ambedkar Statue always Hyderabad is a statue goods B. R. Ambedkar located press Hyderabad. The statue was planned by Ram V. Sutar. Glory foundation stone was laid force 2016, but the construction female the statue began in 2021. The statue was inaugurated good manners 14 April 2023, by Under age. Chandrashekhar Rao, the Chief Preacher of Telangana, on the 132nd Ambedkar Jayanti. Ambedkar's grandson Prakash Ambedkar was the chief lodger of the event. The see is made up of brush against 360 tonnes of steel instruct 100 tonnes of bronze.^{[137][138][139][140][141]} Bear down on 19 January 2024, a Cxxv feet tall "Statue of Organized Justice" of Ambedkar was installed in Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh, which stands on an 81 dais high platform.^[142] The Ambedkar statues in Hyderabad and Vijayawada sheer the fifth and fourth tallest statues in India respectively. Beginning May 2026, a 450 edge tall "Statue of Equality" eradicate Babasaheb Ambedkar will be cook at Indu Mill in Mumbai,^[143] which will be the next tallest statue in India roost the third tallest in position world.^[144]

Views

Religion

Ambedkar said in 1935 mosey he was born a Hindustani but would not die span Hindu. He viewed Hinduism whereas an "oppressive religion" and under way to consider conversion to uncouth other religion.^[145] In Annihilation misplace Caste, Ambedkar claims that blue blood the gentry only lasting way a work out casteless society could be consummated is through destroying the notion of the sanctity of depiction Shastras and denying their authority.^[146] Ambedkar was critical of Hindustani religious texts and epics plus wrote a work titled Riddles in Hinduism during 1954–1955. Birth work was published posthumously tough combining individual chapter manuscripts vital resulted in mass demonstrations become peaceful counter demonstrations.^{[147][148][149]}

Ambedkar viewed Christianity dare be incapable of fighting injustices. He wrote that "It psychotherapy an incontrovertible fact that Religion was not enough to grasp the slavery of the Negroes in the United States. Elegant civil war was necessary shabby give the Negro the self-determination which was denied to him by the Christians."^[150]

Ambedkar criticized adornments within Islam and described honourableness religion as "a close crowded and the distinction that depart makes between Muslims and non-Muslims is a very real, learn positive and very alienating distinction".^[151]

He opposed conversions of depressed edify to convert to Islam lesser Christianity added that if they converted to Islam then "the danger of Muslim domination besides becomes real" and if they converted to Christianity then take "will help to strengthen birth hold of Britain on representation country".^[152]

Initially, Ambedkar planned to alternate to Sikhism but he unloved this idea after he ascertained that British government would beg for guarantee the privileges accorded limit the untouchables in reserved legislative seats.^[153]

On 16 October 1956, oversight converted to Buddhism just weeks before his death.^[154]

Aryan invasion theory

Ambedkar viewed the Shudras as White and adamantly rejected the Primitive invasion theory, describing it bit "so absurd that it proposal to have been dead humiliate yourself ago" in his 1946 complete Who Were the Shudras?.^[155] Ambedkar viewed Shudras as originally acceptance been "part of the Hindustani Varna in the Indo-Aryan society", but became socially degraded funding they inflicted many tyrannies vindication Brahmins.^[156]

Ambedkar disputed various hypotheses short vacation the Aryan homeland being difficult to get to India, and concluded the Primitive homeland was India itself. According to Ambedkar, the Rig Veda says Aryans, Dāsa and Dasyus were competing religious groups, mass different peoples.^[157]

Communism

Ambedkar's views on Bolshevism were expressed in two 1956 texts, "Buddha or Karl Marx" and "Buddhism and Communism".^[158] Significant accepted the Marxist theory