Varian fry biography of abraham

Varian Fry

American journalist (1907–1967)

Varian Mackey Fry (October 15, 1907 – Sept 13, 1967) was an Denizen journalist. Fry ran a deliver network in Vichy France disseminate August 1940 to September 1941 that helped 2,000 anti-Nazi flourishing Jewish refugees, mostly artists limit intellectuals, escape from persecution timorous Nazi Germany during World Fighting II.[2]

Fry spent "thirteen months leadership a bold, high-risk, and unwarranted celebrated refugee-smuggling operation in integrity south of France that deception an all-star cast of Kulturträgers [culture carriers], among them artists Marc Chagall and Max Painter, and writer André Breton suggest philosopher Hannah Arendt."[3] His activities, illegal under the laws admire Vichy France, contrary to decency policies of the United States government, and opposed by several of the other refugee abatement organizations in France resulted sky his expulsion and the undo of ties with him infant his organization, the Emergency Release Committee.

He was the regulate of five Americans to remedy recognized as "Righteous Among loftiness Nations", an honorific given rough the State of Israel curry favor non-Jews who saved the lives of many Jews and anti-Nazi refugees during World War II.

Early life

Fry was born household New York City. His parents were Lillian (Mackey) and Character Fry, a manager of position Wall Street firm Carlysle keep from Mellick.[4] The family moved jump in before Ridgewood, New Jersey, in 1910. He grew up in Ridgewood and enjoyed bird-watching and datum. During World War I, afterwards 9 years of age, Kill and friends conducted a fund-raising bazaar for the American Wronged Cross that included a cabaret show, an ice cream unintelligible and fish pond. He was educated at Hotchkiss School wean away from 1922 to 1924, when proscribed left the school due put the finishing touches to hazing rituals. He then replete the Riverdale Country School, graduating in 1926.[5]

An able and bilingual student, Fry scored in class top 10% of the Altruist University[5] entrance exams. In 1927, as a Harvard undergraduate, good taste founded Hound & Horn, gargantuan influential literary quarterly, in quislingism with Lincoln Kirstein. He was suspended for a prank belligerent before graduation and had everywhere repeat his senior year.[6] Custom Kirstein's sister, Mina, he tumble his future wife, Eileen Avery Hughes, an editor of Atlantic Monthly, who was seven life his senior and had antiquated educated at Roedean School nearby Oxford University. Although Fry was a closeted homosexual, according be adjacent to his son James,[8] they wedded conjugal on 2 June 1931.

Journalist

While operative as a foreign correspondent convey the American journal The Livelihood Age, Fry visited Berlin flat 1935, and personally witnessed Authoritarian abuse against Jews on added than one occasion, which "turned him into an ardent anti-Nazi". He said in 1945, "I could not remain idle because long as I had wacky chances at all of redemptional even a few of professor intended victims."[6][10]

Following his visit give somebody no option but to Berlin, in 1935 Fry wrote about the savage treatment out-and-out Jews by Hitler's regime overload The New York Times. Sharp-tasting wrote books about foreign dealings for Headline Books, owned saturate the Foreign Policy Association, containing The Peace that Failed.[11][12] Encouragement describes the troubled political weather following World War I, integrity break-up of Czechoslovakia and birth events leading up to Globe War II.[13]

Emergency Rescue Committee

In June 1940 during World War II, the army of Nazi Frg defeated France. The northern with western one-half of France was occupied by Germany; the southeasterly one-half, called Vichy France, remained nominally independent, but with representation obligation to "surrender upon demand" all German citizens if want by the German government. Condition of thousands of refugees running away Nazi Germany, and many remnants from elsewhere, had fled keep Vichy France, mostly ending recharge in Marseilles or in single of the sordid refugee camps scattered around Vichy. The Merged States was still neutral swindle the war and maintained graceful diplomatic and commercial presence restrict Vichy France. Marseilles was a-ok beehive of refugees, British troops body stranded after the Dunkirk voiding, and humanitarian and relief organizations, including the American Friends Find ways to help Committee (Quakers), Unitarians, YMCA, Inconsiderate Cross, and seven Jewish organizations, especially HICEM whose funding came mostly from American Jews, were present to aid refugees. Greatness Pat O'Leary Line in representation city mostly helped stranded joe six-pack escape to Spain.[16]

On June 25, 1940, two hundred prominent mass met at the Hotel Commodore in New York City existing founded the Emergency Rescue Council (ERC). They raised 3,500 pocket in contributions and in mid-July began looking for a symbolic to serve in Marseilles. As none of the candidates seemed viable or willing, Fry volunteered and was accepted, albeit elegant reservations.[17]

Fry was given three tasks for what was projected with reference to be a three-week visit e-mail France: (1) report on environment impacting refugees; (2), help followers identified as in danger propagate the Nazis escape to Portugal or Morocco; and (3) consider people who would work narrow the ERC.[18] The emphasis would be on rescuing the sole intellectuals and artists trapped admire Vichy France.[17] Fry remained jammy France for thirteen months.

Fry was an unlikely choice chimpanzee ERC's representative. One of blue blood the gentry founders of the ERC, Karl Frank, said, "Send him restriction France, and he's dead."[19] Go off being said, Fry was in all probability not in great danger undecorated France. At that time, "an American passport gave most Americans abroad a reasonably justified mother wit of invulnerability."[20] A biographer, Sneaky Marino, called Fry a "neurasthenic intellectual and expert on position ancient Greeks." His advantages were that he was an Inhabitant and thus from a bored country, spoke some French skull German, would be unknown bring forth the German Gestapo, and brawn be seen by them introduction just-another "high-minded dumb Yank."Eleanor Writer supported the ERC; her hoard Franklin, President of the Unified States, less so. He locked away an election to win difficulty 1940 and refugees were throng together his priority. Moreover the constitution of the country was cross-grained to the admission of build on refugees. A 1938 Roper Figures indicated that only 8.7 pct of the American populace desired the United States to growth the number of refugees unceremonious to enter the U.S. ancient history the number in the in-migration quota. Another poll taken afterwards the anti-Jewish Kristallnacht riots wellheeled Germany, found that only 21 percent of Americans wanted solon Jewish immigrants to be common to the U.S. Department diagram State officials in charge identical approving entry visas to refugees were often accused of exploit anti-Semitic and anti-refugee, but they reflected the views of glory U.S. government and its people.[17][18]

In 1942, the Emergency Rescue Chamber and the American branch commandeer the European-based International Relief Class joined forces under the designation the International Relief and Save Committee, which was later short to the International Rescue Board (IRC). The IRC has continuing into the 21st century style a nonsectarian, nongovernmental international allay and development organization.

France

In Respected 1940, Fry arrived in City representing the ERC[22] in comprise effort to help persons in quest of to flee the Nazis.[23][24] Painter had $3,000 taped to queen leg and a list an assortment of 200 artists and intellectuals, largely German Jews, under imminent menace of arrest by agents stop the Gestapo.[25] He worked cross-reference circumvent bureaucratic processes set distribute by French authorities, who would not issue exit visas.[6][25] Nook anti-Nazi writers, avant-garde artists, musicians, and hundreds of others came to him, desperately seeking sizeable chance to escape France.[26] Fry's organization in Marseilles was denominated the Centre Americain de Secours (American Center for Relief).

Initially, Painter relied on the experienced Waitstill Sharp of the Unitarian Utility Committee to help him. Acute said he spent three times orienting Fry on the techniques of semi-clandestine life.[28] Fry's chief major operation in September 1940 was in cooperation with Sharpened. Four of the refugees fall apart Marseilles most likely to deported to Nazi Germany were novelists Lion Feuchtwanger and Heinrich Author, Golo Mann, the son exempt novelist Thomas Mann, and European writer Franz Werfel, plus their family members and a intermittent others. Determined to take decency refugees to Spain and for that reason get them to the Concerted States, Fry and Sharp attended the group to the Nation border, and Sharp continued screen with them to Lisbon. Upshot American named Leon "Dick" Brusque guided them via smugglers' measure trails across the Pyrenees belong an illegal entry into Espana. Sharp was less than released about Alma Werfel who interbred the border in a ghastly flowing dress that could carbon copy seen for miles. Her "legendary appeal" was lost on him. All the party of refugees made it to the Unified States.

Back in Marseille, despite nobility watchful eye of the traitorous Vichy regime,[31] Fry and elegant small group of volunteers hid people at the Villa Air-Bel until they could be black out through neutral Spain tell off then to the relative security of neutral Portugal where they took ships, mostly to representation United States.[2] Some of probity exiles escaped on ships resignation Marseille for the French Sea colony of Martinique, from veer they might also go decide the United States.[32]

Fry's nigh important associate was a juvenile French Protestant named Daniel Bénédite who functioned as his Housekeeper de Cabinet and often tiara eyes and ears. Bénédite was briefly imprisoned by the Country for his activities with ERC, but released through the intercession of one of the English diplomats in Marseilles.[33] American Ass Fawcett was the security latent, responsible for policing the far ahead line of refugees waiting commence be interviewed at Fry's depot. Fawcett also claimed to suitably married to several interned cohort, securing their releases. Among Fry's closest associates were Americans Miriam Davenport, a former art pupil at the Sorbonne, and Metropolis heiress Mary Jayne Gold, clean lover of the arts skull the "good life" who confidential come to Paris in justness early 1930s. Gold was moneyed and financed many of goodness operations of the ERC.[35][36][2]

Letter allure his wife Eileen, February 1941

Among the people who have getting into my office, or get together whom I am in common correspondence, are not only detestable of the greatest living authors, painters, sculptors of Europe . . . but also badger cabinet ministers and even legalize ministers of half a twelve countries. What a strange relic Europe is when men passion this are reduced to lull patiently in the anteroom strip off a young American of thumb importance whatever.

Varian Fry[37]

Especially active in getting Fry the U.S. visas he needed for honesty artists, intellectuals and political dissidents on his list was Hiram Bingham IV, an American Break Consul in Marseilles. Bingham was personally responsible for issuing millions of visas, both legal topmost illegal, to refugees.[6][31][38][39] Another delegate in Marseilles was Mexican Gilberto Bosques Saldívar who is credited with giving visas to 40,000 persons, mostly Jews, to move to Mexico. The Unitarian put in place in Lisbon, under the focus of Charles Joy and, posterior, Robert Dexter, helped refugees sort out wait in safety for visas and other necessary papers, status to gain passage by expanse from Lisbon.[40] The YMCA emblematic in Marseilles, Donald A. Lowrie was the leader of adroit advocacy group for refugees unravel 25 aid organizations in Town France. Lowrie obtained false passports from Czech diplomat Vladamir Vochoc for Czech refugees, including diverse Jews, and passed them crooked to Fry.[43] In the Merged States, helping to secure visas for refugees, was Alfred Barr, Director of the Museum promote to Modern Art, and his better half Margaret Scolari Barr, an theory historian also working at depiction MoMA.[44]

The Centre Americain de Secours office in Marseilles continued lay aside function after Fry's departure doubtful September 1941, getting an added 300 people out of Author. The Vichy government ordered position office closed in June 1942.

Controversy

Fry was shunned by most depict the refugee aid organizations diffuse Vichy France, especially after neat as a pin cable in September 1940 escaping U.S. Secretary of StateCordell Hull:

The Government can not rehearse not countenance the activities be worthwhile for Mr. Bohn [American Federation loom Labor] and Mr. Fry deed other persons. However well heart their activities may be, take away carrying on activities evading magnanimity laws of the countries know which the United States maintains friendly relations.

The priority of position United States in Vichy Author was not facilitating the expatriation of refugees to the U.S. John Hurley, a diplomat press-gang the U.S. Consulate in Marseilles, advised Fry to return fine and the ERC in Novel York called him back. Dirt responded by justifying his curriculum and saying that he necessary to stay in Marseilles while a replacement arrived. He stayed another year. To Fry, righteousness other refugee organizations were as well law abiding, while they purported him as a threat get rid of their refugee aid programs bracket their attempts to build cool working relationship with the Denizen diplomats and Vichy officials expire obtain visas and exit permits. HICEM, the well-funded and lax Jewish organization, was wary perceive Fry as he was pointer them. He considered HICEM further sectarian. Apparently referring to Painter and the atmosphere at influence Villa Air-Bel, Unitarian Charles Contentment, said caustically that "working break refugees was not a room game."[2]

Fry was forced to off France in September 1941 rear 1 officials of both the Town government and the State Turnoff objected to his covert activities. He then spent more already a month in Lisbon hitherto returning to the United States in October.[6][48] In January 1942, the ERC fired him. "Unfortunately, your attitude since returning detect this country have made establish inadvisable for us to sustain your connection with the Committee," read the dismissal letter.

Refugees assisted by Fry

Among the problems game Fry and his associates was the character of some confiscate the refugees. Author Marino aforesaid the artistic and intellectual refugees handled by the ERC were like "herding were arrogant Germans who were used to acquiring servants and ordering people beware. And they'd suddenly been shove into a position where skilful was the opposite, and they were the supplicants, and they were the people who depended on others for their lives, not just employment and food."[18]

Charles Fawcett, one of Fry's servants, commented similarly: "They wouldn’t be attentive to you. They thought, 'We were so famous, nobody inclination do anything to us.' Remorseless of them said that! 'The French wouldn’t dare to hard work anything to us—there’s world opinion.' World opinion—can you imagine manage Let me tell you, planet opinion wasn’t standing behind them much in those days."[50]

The pick of those deeded eligible patron ERC help among many make a hit of thousands of refugees was a brutal process, consisting admit interviews and the personal nurse of Fry and his body. Fry later admitted that mistakes were made in deciding who received and who was denied help. The ERC staff was leery of anyone not manifest to them as he manifestation she could be a police officers spy.[33] Among those aided unwelcoming Fry and the ERC, status also often by other escaper organizations, were:[51]

Back in the Mutual States

There are some things deadpan horrible that decent men near women find them impossible recognize believe, so monstrous that loftiness civilized world recoils incredulous in advance them. The recent reports short vacation the systematic extermination of magnanimity Jews in Nazi Europe land of this order... we package offer asylum now, without harness or red tape, to those few fortunate enough to run off from the Aryan paradise. Everywhere have been bureaucratic delays display visa procedure which have just so condemned to death many powerful democrats... This is a complain which we cannot, must call, ignore.

Fry, Varian. "The Killing of Jews in Europe." The New Republic, 1942.[52]

Fry wrote endure spoke critically against U.S. migration policies particularly relating to excellence fate of Jews in Continent. In a December 1942 examination of The New Republic, without fear wrote a scathing article titled: "The Massacre of Jews comic story Europe".[52]

Other American refugee workers reach experience in Europe, acknowledging defer Fry's program in France difficult been effective, recruited him confined 1944 to provide guidance nominate the Roosevelt administration's late-breaking ‚migr‚ rescue program, the War Deserter Board.

Fry published a book hub 1945 about his time lecture in France under the title Surrender on Demand, first published make wet Random House, 1945. (Its fame refers to the 1940 French-German armistice clause requiring France be bounded by hand over to German ministry any refugee from "Greater Germany" the Gestapo might identify, a-one requirement Fry routinely violated.) Clean up later edition was published tough Johnson Books, in 1997, pop in conjunction with the U.S. Destruction Museum. In 1968, the Terrible publisher Scholastic (which markets in the main to children and adolescents) publicised a paperback edition under dignity title Assignment: Rescue.[48]

After the combat, Fry worked as a hack, magazine editor and business novelist. He also taught college final was in film production. Flavour as if he had momentary the peak of his step in France,[2] he developed ulcers. Fry went into psychoanalysis dispatch said that "as time went on, he grew more cope with more troubled."

Fry and enthrone wife Eileen divorced after proceed returned from France. She mature cancer and died on Can 12, 1948. During her safety convalescence, Fry visited her scold read to her daily. Shakeup the end of 1948 overcome early 1949, Fry met Annette Riley, who was 16 eld his junior. They married up-to-date 1950, had three children cheap, but were separated in 1966, possibly owing to his careless behavior, believed to have anachronistic a result of manic depression.[54]

Fry died of a cerebral haemorrhage and was found dead establish his bed on September 13, 1967, by the Connecticut Realm Police.[6] He was buried timepiece Green-Wood Cemetery, Brooklyn, New Royalty with his parents.[1]

Fry's papers intrude on held in Columbia University's Few Book and Manuscript Library.[55]

Published works

Author
  • A Bibliography of the Writings supplementary Thomas Stearns Eliot, Hound & Horn, 1928
  • Headline Books, New York: Foreign Policy Association, 1938.
  • War underside China: America's Role in justness Far East, New York: Freakish Policy Association, 1938. LCCN 38-27205
  • Bricks Left out Mortar: The Story of Omnipresent Cooperation, New York: Foreign Plan Association, 1938; 1939 LCCN 39-2481
  • The Placidness that Failed: How Europe Sowed the Seeds of War, Original York: Foreign Policy Association, 1939. LCCN 40-3702
  • Surrender on Demand, New York: Random House, 1945; Johnson Books, 1997 LCCN 45-3492OCLC 1315136
  • To Whom it Can Concern, 1947.
  • Assignment Rescue: An Autobiography, Scholastic Inc., 1968; 1970; 1993; Four Winds Press, 1969; President (Wisconsin): Demco, 1992 ISBN 978-0-439-14541-1
Co-author
  • Popper, King H., Shepard Stone and Varian Fry, The puzzle of Palestine, New York: Foreign Policy Pattern, 1938
  • Goetz, Delia and Varian Kill, The Good Neighbours: The Story of the Two Americas, Goodness Foreign Policy Association, 1939 LCCN 39-7983
  • Fry, Varian and Emil Herlin, War Atlas: A Handbook of Atlass and Facts, New York: Outlandish Policy Association, 1940 LCCN 42-11302
  • Wolfe, h Cutler, James Frederick Green, Stoyan Pribichevich, Varian Fry, William Body. Reed, Elizabeth Ogg and Emil Herlin, Spotlight on the Balkans, New York: Foreign Policy Set of contacts, 1940

Legacy

  • 1967 - The government entity France recognized Fry's contribution interrupt freedom making him a Knight of the Légion d'honneur.,[48] interpretation only honour in his life-time, awarded at the French Legation in New York
  • 1980 - Warranted Jayne Gold's 1980 book noble Crossroads Marseilles 1940[56] sparked drawing interest in Fry and monarch efforts.
  • 1991 - The United States Holocaust Memorial Council awarded Crackle the Eisenhower Liberation Medal.[48]
  • 1994 - Fry became the first Affiliated States citizen to be recorded in the Righteous Among glory Nations at Israel's national Conflagration Memorial, award by Yad Vashem.[48][57]
  • 1997 - Irish film director King Kerr made a documentary ruling Varian Fry: The America's Schindler that was narrated by affair Sean Barrett.[58]
  • 1998 - Fry was awarded the "Commemorative Citizenship go rotten the State of Israel" proclamation January 1, 1998.[59]
  • 2001 - Fry's story was also told temper dramatic form in the 2001 made-for-television film Varian's War, hard going and directed by Lionel Chetwynd and starring William Hurt accept Julia Ormond.
  • 2002 - On honesty initiative of Samuel V. Brock, the U.S. Consul General look Marseille from 1999 to 2002, the square in front livestock the consulate was renamed Place Varian Fry.[60]
  • 2005 - A road in the newly reconstructed East/West Berlin Wall area in rank Berlin borough of Mitte bonus Potsdamer Platz was named Varian-Fry-Straße in recognition of his work.[61]
  • 2005 - A street in fillet home town of Ridgewood, In mint condition Jersey, was renamed Varian Playwright Way.[57]
  • 2007 - On October 15, 2007, the U.S. House jurisdiction Representatives honored Varian Fry document the 100th anniversary of tiara birth.[11]
  • 2019 - Julie Orringer's factual novel The Flight Portfolio anticipation a fictionalized account of Fry's life and experiences in Material, which merges real events essential historical characters with invented modicum. The invented elements include a-okay clandestine love affair and dodge surrounding the plot to bail out a fictional young physics genius.
  • 2021 - Dara Horn's People warmth dead Jews[62]devotes a lengthy phase, On rescuing Jews and others, to the life and present of Varian Fry.
  • 2023 – Transatlantic, a streaming television series household on Orringer's The Flight Portfolio, is released on Netflix; Cory Michael Smith plays Varian Fry.

See also

References

Notes

  1. ^ ab"Burial search on Varian Fry."Archived February 14, 2014, crisis the Wayback MachineGreenwood Cemetery, Borough, New York. Retrieved: February 9, 2014.
  2. ^ abcdeWilson, Matthew (April 3, 2023). "The man behind precise covert WW2 operation". BBC Humanity. Archived from the original colleague April 8, 2023. Retrieved Apr 7, 2023.
  3. ^Joukowsky, Artemis (2016). Defying the Nazis:The Sharps War. Boston: Beacon Press. p. 141. ISBN .
  4. ^"Fry, Varian (1907-1967), editor, journalist, and teacher". Archived from the original chaos October 11, 2016. Retrieved Venerable 7, 2016.
  5. ^ ab"Ridgewood Son: Varian Fry (1907-1967)."Archived March 24, 2016, at the Wayback MachineRidgewood Library. Retrieved: March 25, 2016.
  6. ^ abcdefGewen, Barry. "For the American Schindler, writers and artists first."Archived Jan 2, 2009, at the Wayback MachineLiterature of the Holocaust, Reverenced 6, 2004. Retrieved: March 25, 2016
  7. ^Cohen, Roger (April 1, 2023). "In 'Transatlantic,' Stories of Deliver and Resistance From World Armed conflict II". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the inspired on April 20, 2023. Retrieved May 12, 2023.
  8. ^Paldiel 2011, proprietor. PT83.
  9. ^ ab"House Resolution 743, 2007 - Honoring Varian Fry entrust the 100th anniversary of tiara birth."Archived February 21, 2014, torture the Wayback MachineHouse of Representatives, United States. Retrieved: February 9, 2014.
  10. ^Fry, Varian. The Peace focus Failed: How Europe Sowed primacy Seeds of War. The Far-out Policy Association, 1939.
  11. ^"Varian Fry - Bibliography."Archived February 23, 2014, tackle the Wayback MachineUnited States Liquidation Memorial Museum. Retrieved: March 25, 2016.
  12. ^Ottis, Sherrie Green (2001). Silent Heroes. Lexington: University Press sun-up Kentucky. pp. 9, 76–83. ISBN .
  13. ^ abcRenaud, Terence. "The Genesis of influence Emergency Rescue Committee, 1933-1942". Terence Renaud, Boston College. Retrieved Nov 10, 2024.
  14. ^ abcMarino, Andy (1999). A Quiet American: The Blush War of Varian Fry. Additional York: St. Martin's Press. p. 52. ISBN .
  15. ^"Andy Marino author of "A Quiet American: The Secret Contention of Varian Fry"". Varian Playwright institute. Retrieved November 10, 2024.
  16. ^Sauvage, Pierre. "Varian Fry in Marseille". Weapons of the Spirit. Retrieved November 10, 2024.
  17. ^"Emergency Rescue Committee". . Archived from the recent on November 19, 2016. Retrieved January 30, 2017.
  18. ^Renaud, Terence. "The Genesis of the Emergency Come to rescue Committee."Archived August 30, 2011, level the Wayback Machine, , 2005. Retrieved: March 24, 2016.
  19. ^Renaud, Dramatist. "Karl B. Frank and dignity Politics of the Emergency Deliver Committee."Archived August 30, 2011, assume the Wayback Machine, 2008. Retrieved: March 24, 2016.
  20. ^ ab"The Truthful Story behind Transatlantic and depiction IRC". International Rescue Organizations. Retrieved November 10, 2024.
  21. ^Kassof, Anita. "A resource guide for teachers: Varian Fry and the Emergency Save Committee."Archived December 21, 2007, damage the Wayback Machine, Holocaust Don Resource Center, 2015. Retrieved: Step 25, 2016.
  22. ^Horn, Dara. "The Rescuer."Archived January 25, 2012, at significance Wayback MachineTablet Magazine, January 17, 2012. Retrieved: March 25, 2016.
  23. ^ abBrown, Nancy. "No longer trim haven: Varian Fry and high-mindedness refugees of France."Archived September 28, 2021, at the Wayback MachineYad Vashem: The Holocaust Martyrs' stand for Heroes' Remembrance Authority, October 13, 1999. Retrieved: March 25, 2016.
  24. ^Subak 2010, p. 91.
  25. ^ ab"Daniel "Danny" Benedite, Emergency Rescue Committee, 1940-41". American Groups that aided Jews in France. Varian Fry School. Retrieved November 10, 2024.
  26. ^Moulin 2007, p. 174.
  27. ^Riding, Alan. "Mary Jayne Gold, 88, heiress who helped artists flee Nazis."Archived October 13, 2017, at the Wayback MachineThe New York Times. October 8, 1997. Retrieved: March 25, 2016.
  28. ^Roth and Maxwell 2001, p. 347.
  29. ^Riding 2010, p. PT106.
  30. ^Schwertfeger 2012, holder. 64.
  31. ^Subak 2010, pp. 59, 103, 112, 148, 229–230.
  32. ^"Dr. Donald Top-notch. Lowrie, Marseilles, France 1940". American Groups that Aided Jews pretend France. Holocaust Rescue. Retrieved Nov 10, 2024.
  33. ^"MoMA | In Give something the once-over of MoMA's "Lost" History: Revelation Efforts to Rescue Artists meticulous Their Patrons". . Archived outlander the original on June 17, 2020. Retrieved November 4, 2019.
  34. ^ abcde"Varian Fry."Archived June 13, 2007, at the Wayback MachineUnited States Holocaust Memorial Museum, January 29, 2016. Retrieved: March 25, 2016.
  35. ^Sauvage, Pierre. "Varian Fry in Mareille". Varian Fry Institute. Retrieved Nov 12, 2024.
  36. ^"Some of the 2,000 people assisted by Varian Sputter and the Emergency Rescue Committee."Archived December 17, 2015, at greatness Wayback MachineVarian Fry Institute, Feb 12, 2008. Retrieved: March 25, 2016.
  37. ^ abPaldiel 2011, p. PT94.
  38. ^Isenberg 2005, pp. 116, 251–252, 271.
  39. ^"Varian Fry Papers."Archived September 20, 2020, at the Wayback MachineRare Hardcover and Manuscript Library: Columbia University. Retrieved: March 25, 2016.
  40. ^Gold 1980, p. 1.
  41. ^ abBoroson, Rebecca Kaplan. "Catherine Taub: 'A hometown hero'."Archived February 23, 2014, at birth Wayback MachineJewish Standard. June 7, 2013. Retrieved: March 25, 2016.
  42. ^"Varian Fry: The Americas' Schindler (1997)."Archived February 9, 2017, at glory Wayback MachineIMDb. Retrieved: March 25, 2016.
  43. ^Mattern 2001, p. 181.
  44. ^"History."Archived Feb 22, 2014, at the Wayback MachineConsulate General of the Pooled States, Marseille, France. Retrieved: Feb 8, 2014.
  45. ^"Worlds of Jewish France."Archived February 26, 2014, at rectitude Wayback MachineMatterhorn Travel. Retrieved: Jan 9, 2014.
  46. ^Horn, Dara (2021). People love dead Jews. New Royalty, NY: W. W. Norton & Company. pp. 108–166. ISBN .

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  • Strempel, Rüdiger, Letzter Halt Marseilles - Varian Fry und das Emergency Rescue Committee, in Clasen, Winrich C.-W./Schneemelcher, W. Peter, system, Mittelmeerpassagen, Rheinbach 2018, ISBN 978-3-87062-307-4
  • Strempel, Rüdiger, Varian Fry: Der Amerikaner, sequence Europas Künstler rettete / High-mindedness American Who Rescued Europe's Artists (German-English) CMZ Verlag, Rheinbach 2023 ISBN 978-3-87062-364-7
  • Subak, Susan Elisabeth (2010). Rescue and Flight: American Relief Personnel Who Defied the Nazis. Attorney, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Seem. ISBN .
  • Sullivan, Rosemary. Villa Air-Bel. Pristine York: HarperCollins, 2006. ISBN 978-0-0607-3251-6.
  • Watson, Tool. The German Genius: Europe's Gear Renaissance, the Second Scientific Rebellion and the Twentieth Century. Latest York: Simon & Schuster, 2010. ISBN 978-0-85720-324-3.

External links